Antinucleation

Thermodynamic inhibitors Antinucleants Growth modifiers Slurry additives Anti-agglomerates Methanol or glycol modify stability range of hydrates. Prevent nucleation of hydrate crystals. Control the growth of hydrate crystals. Limit the droplet size available for hydrate formation. Dispersants that remove hydrates. 

In gallstone patients, the nucleation of supersaturated bile requires either an excess of promoters, or a deficiency of inhibitors, of crystallisation (or both). For the past 20 years, attempts have been made to identify these pro- and antinucleating agents - but so far without consensus. Suffice to say that the promoters and inhibitors are mainly proteins and that mucous glycoprotein is particularly important - not only as a promoter of nucleation but also because it forms a gel on the surface of the gallbladder mucosa, which is believed to trap cholesterol crystals and contribute to the stasis within the gallbladder. Table 8.1 gives a list of potential promoters and inhibitors. 

A19. Amoura, Z., Piette, J.-C., Chabre, H., Cacoub, P., Papo, T., et at., Circulating plasma levels of nucleosomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Correlation with serum antinucle-osome antibody titers and absence of clear association with disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 40,2217-2225 (1997). 

E4. Eilat, D., and Fischel, R., Recurrent utilization of genetic elements in V regions of antinucleic acid antibodies from autoimmune mice. J. Immunol. 147, 361-368 (1991). 

The addition of antinucleating agents permits the injection molding of PET (Rynite). Injection moldable glycol-modified polyesters (PETG, Kodar) have been produced by partial replacement of the ethylene glycol by cyclohexanol dimethylol. 

Antinucleation agents reduce the crystallization rate of polymers for example, addition of 1% SAN or polystyrene to PET reduces haze during blow-moiding [54, 55],... 

To control the pH of the water at alkaline values of between pH 9 and 10, resulting in a positive Langelier index, and to control scaling by suitable additives such as antinucleating agents... 

Hatoff et al. (1979) report a case of chronic active hepatitis in a HLA B 8-positive 27-year-old female patient after nitrofurantoin (Nole 1981). Agranulocytoses after nitrofurantoin have also been described (Palva und Lehmola 1973). In 12 of 20 patients antinucleic antibodies were seen, gammaglobulin was increased, and antibodies against smooth muscle appeared. All patients were negative to HBsAg. 

Liver toxicity after nitrofurantoin is especially serious in women. It is often connected with the appearance of autoantibodies (antinucleic factors) and hyperglo-bulinemia and shows no relation to the daily dosage. 

However, there is no evidence for a specific humoral antibody reaction to nitrofurantoin in the acute pulmonary syndrome (Geller et al. 1976 Pearsall et al. 1974). Experienced antibody tests are not carried out with nitrofurantoin. Tep-PO et al. (1976), in immune electrophoresis of ten patients of whom eight had been treated with nitrofurantoin, observed an enlarged albumin fraction to the cathode which disappeared in five cases after cessation of treatment. Most of the patients had polyclonally increased IgG und IgA levels and decreased albumin values. IgM, C3, and C4 were normal. Antinucleic activity of the IgG type was seen in nine patients. The phenomenon was the consequence of immune complexes between IgG and albumins. The activity similar to that of antibodies of IgG was directed to autologous and isologous albumin. 

Another type of remarkable double crystalline materials that have been synthesized and characterized by Balsamo et al. are ABC triblock terpolymers composed of polystyrene, polyethylene and poly(ir-caprolactone) (PS-5-PE-6-PCL or SEC) [51-54,57,63]. The morphology, nucleation and crystallization of such copolymers have been recently reviewed [3]. It is interesting to mention that in such terpolymers the PE block induces an antinucleation effect [3,63] on its covalently bonded neighboring PCL block, a remarkable effect that has only been observed in this tjq >e of triblock terpolymer. Diblock copolymers or triblock terpolymers with two crystallizing blocks can display aU possible effects from the nucleation point of view of one crystallizing block on the other. One block can cause nucleation of the other, or cause no effect, or in the other extreme of behavior induce antinucleation. In addition to the... 

Antisera, Human Serum Samples, and Measurement of Antinucleic Acid Antibodies... 

Polymer as a antinucleation agent A polymer can inhibit nucleation and crystal growth of a drug by specific interaction with functional groups of the drug (Curatolo et al. 2009 Alonzo et al. 2010). Polymers such as PVP, HPMC and HPMC-AS have been extensively studied for the amorphous stabilization effect in aqueous solution (Lindfors et al. 2008 Miller et al. 2008 Alonzo et al. 2010). 

Balsamo V, Muller AJ, Stadler R (1998) Antinucleation effect of the polyethylene block on the polycaprolactone block in ABC triblock copolymers. Macromolecules 31(22) 7756-7763 Balsamo V, de Navarro CU, Gil G (2003) Microphase separation vs crystallization in polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) ABC triblock copolymers. Macromolecules 36... 

Steinberg, A. D., Baron, S., Talal, N. The pathogenesis of autoimmunity in New Zealand mice. I. Induction of antinucleic acid antibodies by polyinosinic-poly-cytidylic acid. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 63, 1102-1107 (1969). 

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