Antimony thin films

Sankapal, B. R. Ganesan, V. Lokhande, C. D. 2000. Studies on deposition of antimony triselenide thin films by chemical method SILAR. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 38 606-610. 

Stevenson, R. W Poly condensation rate of poly (ethylene terephthalate) - II. Antimony trioxide catalyzed polycondensation in static thin films on metal surfaces, J. Polym. Sci., PartA-1, 1, 395-407 (1969). 

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Later work by Stevenson [72] supported this hypothesis. The preparation of PET catalysed by antimony trioxide was studied in thin films on metal surfaces that were carefully selected to avoid catalysis by surface effects or by dissolved metal as mentioned earlier, a large number of metals and their oxides, salts or other derivatives catalyse the polyesterification reaction. On inactive surfaces like silver or rhodium the catalysed polycondensation rate increased with decrease in film thickness. In the absence of added catalyst there was no tendency for the rate to increase with decreasing film thickness. Stevenson proposed that in thin films the catalyst-deactivating component was more readily lost, thereby increasing the reaction rate. 

While the majority of enzyme electrodes fabricated have been rather large devices, there have been some recent reports concerning the development of miniaturized and even microsensors. For example, MeyerhoflF (M5) prepared an essentially disposable urea sensor (tip diameter 3 mm) by immobilizing urease at the surface of a new type of polymer-membrane electrode-based ammonia sensor (see Fig. 4). Alexander and Joseph (Al) have also prepared a new miniature urea sensor by immobilizing urease at the surface of pH-sensitive antimony wire. Similarly, lannello and Ycynych (II) immobilized urease on a pH-sensitive iridium dioxide electrode. In these latter investigations, ammonia liberated from the enzyme-catalyzed reaction alters the pH in the thin film of enzyme adjacent to the pH-sensitive wire. 

Potassium nitrate reacts with charcoal to produce potassium carbonate, potassium oxides, and potassium cyanide. More cyanide is formed at high temperature and pressure or in the presence of iron or its compounds. Potassium oxides are formed whenever potassium carbonate is held molten at atmospheric pressure. The rate of reaction is low, and the reaction is an equilibrium reaction which is easily reversed. At atmospheric pressure the molten material produced is predominantly potassium carbonate. The temperature achieved are sufficient to ignite aluminum. Flitter stars can be made with potassium nitrate and aluminum but charcoal is often added to lower the ignition temperature and render the stars more easily ignited. Similarly sulfur, antimony sulfide, or arsenic sulfide is used to start and control the burning of aluminum in flitter stars. Microscopic and microchemical examination of the sparks of such stars show a thin film of potassium oxides and potassium aluminates with some traces of liquid potassium oxide and potassium sulfide films over the mass of molten unreacted aluminum. 

In a comparison between electron beam and y-irradiation effects on amorphous antimony triselenide, El-Sayed (2004) irradiated thin films to equal doses of electron and y-radiation. He measured the change in the energy gap of the material and found that the electron beam affects the material more than the y-radiation. However, if he had used a bulk material, the conclusion may have been different, because of the long penetration depth of y-radiation through the bulk while the electron beam stops within small distance. 

NZ 97 Micrai 532 S.A. 100 Saytex 8010 SB-332 Sodium antimonate. Sodium Antimonate Poiy Grade flame retardant, thin-film Antimony Oxide KR Grade Supetfine flame retardant, TPE FRCROS 480 Phos-Chek P/30 Saytex 102E Saytex 120 Tetradecabromodiphenoxybenzene flame retardant, TPR FRCROS 480 Phos-Chek P/30 flame retardant, traffic paints Chlorez 700... 

The most commonly encountered TCO electrodes, typically studied as thin films, are antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), ITO, titanium oxide (anatase or rutile, Ti02), and zinc oxide (ZnO) [19], There are also some recently reported trinary and ternary oxides based on modifications of ITO, zinc-indium tin oxide, ZITO or IZTO, for example, which may become more popular with time as electrodes for solution-based redox chemistry and as anodes in devices such as OLEDs and OPVs [7], These new tailored composition oxides may exhibit higher stability, higher work functions, and/or a greater variety of surface sites with more possibilities for chemical modification. 

Various techniques are used for the fabrication of semiconductor sensors. Conductance sensors from structurized sintered polycrystalline ceramics can be produced by thick- or thin-film technology. Chemically sensitive materials in the form of single crystals or whiskers can be attached to electrodes by thin- or thick-film techniques as well. Mass production of sensors requires that the resulting devices be characterized by a defined level of conductance. For example, the conductance of polycrystalline Sn02 can be adjusted by subsequent thermal treatment >800°C under a controlled partial pressure of oxygen. Another approach to defined conductance involves doping the semiconductor with antimony or fluorine. The reproducibility and stability of a sensor signal... 

The recent development of thin film techniques has enabled cheap thermopiles to be designed which can be fabricated as complex arrays with good reliability. By using antimony and bismuth for the sensitive elements devices can be produced which have some of the advantages of the metal wire thermopiles but with a higher sensitivity. Table 3.2 summarizes the characteristics of the different types of modern thermopiles. Figure 3.3 which shows the performance of a number of thermal detectors operating at room temperature includes two thermopiles. The performance obtained with the spectroscopic thermopile... 

When a thin film of 14 is exposed to antimony pentafluoride vapor at room temperature, a remarkable increase up to 0.30 S cm" is observed [18]. With doping by antimony pentafluoride vapor, the stretching frequencies due to an Si-H bond disappear, indicating the elimination of hydrogen in the polymer chain by the antimony pentafluoride dopant. 

Polymers 30-32 are white solids and soluble in common organic solvents such as ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, and chlorocarbons. Like other alternating polymers composed of a disilanylene unit and a n-electron system, polymers 30-32 are insulators. However, on treatment of thin films of 30-32 with antimony pentafluoride vapor they become conducting. The conductivities of the films increase with increasing doping time and reach maximum values after 2-7 hours, as shown in Table 15.11. The maximum values then gradually decrease even in antimony pentafluoride vapor and finally reach constant values, 3-4 X 10 S cm" after about 4 days. 

Langlet M., Jenouvrier P., Pick J., Rimet R. Aerosol-gel deposition of optically active thin films in the system Y2Ti207-Er2Ti207. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Tech. 2003 26 985-988 Langlet M., Jenouvrier P., Pick J., Rimet R. Aerosol-gel deposition and spectroscopic characterization ofpyrochlore films heavily doped with erbium ions. Opt. Mater. 2003 25 141-147 Lin Y., Wu C. The properties of antimony-doped tin oxide thin films from the sol-gel process. Surf. Coat. Tech. 1997 88 239-247... 

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