Antimony biological materials

Techniques and approaches to the study of the distribution of chemical species of metals and metalloids in biological materials after sample preparation are similar to those already described for other matrices in this book, and in a recent review by Lobinski (1997). The application of these methods has led to a greater understanding of the role of metals and metalloids in biological systems. Some of the new developments in understanding the environmental behaviour of antimony, arsenic, selenium and tin are reviewed. 

Abbasi, S.A. (1989) Sub-microdetermination of antimony (III) and antimony (V) in natural and polluted waters and total antimony in biological materials by flameless AAS following extractive separation with N-p-methoxyphenyl-2-furylacrylohydroxamic acid. Anal. Letts, 22, 237-255. 

Abbasi conducted a submicro determination (down to 10 ppb levels) of Sb(III) and Sb(V) in natural and polluted waters and biological materials. The Sb(III) and Sb(V) concentrations obtained were as follows surface sample of reservoir water 0 and 0, near-bottom sample of reservoir water 0.17 and 0.16 ppb, sea water (India) 0 and 0.28 ppb, and polluted water (rubber industry) 0.85 and 1.91 ppb. Total antimony concentrations of goat liver and frog muscle were 0.094 and 0.027 ppb, respectively . ... 

The arsenomolybdenum blue method was applied for determination of arsenic in biological materials [7,17,60,61], plants [24], water [24,62-64], silicates [20], petroleum products, organic compounds [24,65], steel [15,66], antimony [2,3,67,68], antimony and gallium chlorides [69], bismuth [18], zinc [70], zinc and lead concentrates [71], tungsten [72], copper alloys [73], gold and platinum [34], silicon [74], selenium [75], and boron [76]. 

The 3,3 -diaminobenzidine method has been applied for determination of Se in biological materials [28,66], soils [67], air [68], silicates [11], sulphide ores [1], copper [8,14,18], organic substances [69], lead [8,14], steel [29], antimony and bismuth tellurides [70], thin Cd-Se films [71], silver chloride and uranium oxide [12],... 

Emmerlin G, Sghaller KH and Valentin HS (1986) Actual knowledge on antimony, bismuth and other metals, and their compounds, and feasibility of quantitative determination in biological materials in Occupational medicine and toxicology (in German) Zentralbl Arbeitsmed 36, pp. 258-265. 

Kinser RF, Keenan RG and Kupel RF (1976) Spectrochemical determination of indium and antimony in biological materials. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26 249-254. 

On account of the complexity of the matrix the hydride method of AAS [64] is used for the determination of Sb in biological materials. This means that Ul-valent antimony yields an appreciably greater measurement signal than V-valent. Hence, if determination of total antimony is adequate, the first step is to convert any V-valent antimony to the Hi-valent state. 

W.M. Mok and C.M. Wai. Determination of arsenic and antimony in biological materials by solvent extraction and neutron activation. Talanta 35 183-186,1988. 

Rhodamine B has been successfully used for the colorimetric determination of traces of antimony. The following method for biological materials is by Marerr with small modifications by Freedman the amount of sulphuric acid used in the digestion should be constant. 

Antimony, Lead, Cadmium, Platinum, Mercury, Tellurium, Thallium, Bismuth, Tungsten, Tin. Determination in Urine (Inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry). Biomonitoring Methods, Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Biological Materials, Wiley-VCH 1999 (http //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10. l(X)2/3527600418/topics). 

The acid digestion procedure described above for biological tissues. Crock and Lichte [135] recently described a similar procedure, involving hydrofluoric as well as nitric, perchloric and sulphuric acids, for dissolution of geological materials prior to arsenic and antimony determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

All four dissolution procedures studied were found to be suitable for arsenic determinations in biological marine samples, but only one (potassium hydroxide fusion) yielded accurate results for antimony in marine sediments and only two (sodium hydroxide fusion or a nitricperchloric-hydrofluoric acid digestion in sealed Teflon vessels) were appropriate for determination of selenium in marine sediments. Thus, the development of a single procedure for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium (and perhaps other hydride-forming elements) in marine materials by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry requires careful consideration not only of the oxidation-reduction chemistry of these elements and its influence on the hydride generation process but also of the chemistry of dissolution of these elements. 

Biological responses are typically dependent on a number of test parameters Including state of the tested material (solid or In solution), solvent, organism and test procedure. Since test results are dependent on these variables. It Is advantageous to associate testing conditions with an Intended application. Much of our research with polymers containing tin, antimony and arsenic Is associated with control of mildew and rot for eventual application In topical medications, as thermal Insulation and as additives In paints, textiles and paper products. 

The dithizone method has been applied for determining lead in biological samples [44,89,90], waters [8,15,91], soils [92],organic materials [93], plant materials [94,95], air (inorganic lead and organolead compounds) [96-98], silicate minerals [99], steel [2], molybdenum and tungsten [100], silver [34], cadmium [101], cobalt [11,13], boron [45], telluric acid [102], antimony sulphide [103], and gasoline [104],... 

Mati and coworkers [17-21] synthesized a number of poly ethers using a novel nitrate displacement polymerization. The structures of these materials is given below (10-12). This is part of an extensive study that includes evaluation of solubility parameters, biological characteristics, thermal properties, density, crystallinity, mechanical properties, and flame retarding ability. In fact, one of the most common uses for antimony oxides and organoantimony compounds is as flame retardants. The following is a description of some of these results. 

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