Antimicrobials cross-resistance

The aminoglycosides show maximal bactericidal action at a slightly alkaline pH. Because of structural similarities, the antibiotics exhibit other common properties such as a similar mode of antibacterial action and a partial or complete antimicrobial cross-resistance. The aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but maximal serum levels are seen 1-2 h after parenteral in-... 

Antimicrobial Activity. The elfamycins antimicrobial specificity and lack of toxicity in animals can be explained in view of species-dependent specificity of elfamycin binding to EE-Tu. Inefficient cellular uptake or the presence of a nonresponding EE-Tu were cited as responsible factors for the natural resistance in Halohacterium cutiruhrum (67), Lactobaci//us brevis (68), and in actinomycetes (5,69). The low activity of elfamycins against S. aureus was also attributed to an elfamycin-resistant EE-Tu system (70). However, cross-resistance with other antibacterial agents has not been observed (71). 

As proposed in earlier publications, an ideal antimicrobial agent for the treatment of bacterial causes of infectious diarrhea would have the following features [1, 2] (1) excellent activity against a broad range of bacterial enteropathogens (2) nonabsorbable (3) favorable side effect profile (4) efficacious in the treatment of infectious diarrhea (5) major indication is enteric disease, and (6) does not easily develop resistance or promote cross-resistance. 

Rifamide (and its analogues) would appear to be a much-needed addition to the antimicrobial arsenal because of its low toxicity and lack of cross-resistance with other anti-infectives it is to be expected that much more will be heard of the... 

Nitrofurantoin is bacteriostatic and bactericidal for many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but P aeruginosa and many strains of proteus are resistant. There is no cross-resistance between nitrofurantoin and other antimicrobial agents and resistance emerges slowly. As Escherichia coli resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones has become more common, nitrofurantoin has become an important alternative oral agent for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. 

Braoudaki, M. and Hilton, A.C., Adaptive resistance to biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli 0157 and cross resistance to antimicrobial agents. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 73-78, 2004. 

It is well documented that antimicrobial agents cause cross-resistance. Use of antibiotics causes alterations in normal microbial flora of the body. The suprain-fection is a common problem associated with antibiotic therapy and is very difficult to treat. Prolonged uses of antibiotics alter the microflora of the intestine and cause vitamin deficiency. Neomycin causes morphologic abnormalities in the intestinal mucosa. 

Tylosin is a polyketide lactone substituted with three deoxyhexose sugars. It is used as an antimicrobial growth promoter in animals. Acquired resistance has been observed in potentially human pathogenic strains isolated from animals (1). Of further concern is the fact that tylosin confers cross-resistance on erythromycin (2). 

The oxazolidinones are a new class of synthetic antimicrobial agents. Produced in 1987, they were found to be active in vitro against antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant cocci and did not demonstrate cross-resistance with any other antibiotics. 

Antimicrobial drug use in food animal production is fundamental to animal health and well-being and to the economics of the livestock industry. Therefore the pmdent use of antimicrobials is critically important because few new drugs are entering the market, and existing uses need to be preserved for as long as is practicable. Pmdent use will minimize the development of antimicrobial resistance and maximize therapeutic effect. When introducing new products onto the market, pharmaceutical companies need to mle out the presence of cross-resistance to old products... 

Thus, laboratory studies have shown that the potential for cross-resistance between antiseptics and some antibiotics exists, prompting professional organizations to question the lack of proven benefit in infection control by antimicrobial-impregnated household products and the potential for the emergence of antiseptic-mediated resistance to useful antibiotics [48,49]. 

Research has demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of bioactive-treated fabric (BTF) that contains silver for use in the hospital environment (Mariscal et al., 2011). Unlike other biocides used in hospital fabrics, the prolonged use of silver has not been related to the appearance of resistant bacteria or cross-resistance to... 

Cross-resistance Resistance against two or more similar antimicrobial agents through a common mechanism. 

Antimicrobial products have been the main weapons used to control unwanted biofilms. Although this strategy is widespread in biofilm control, there are no standardized antimicrobials with reliable efficacy. Strategies to remove unwanted biofilms must take into account the system characteristics, such as the biofihn colonizer species and the EPS composition (SimOes et al. 2009b). It is expected that an effective and wide spectrum biofihn control strategy will overcome the resistance and cross-resistance problems (Gilbert and McBain 2003). 

Ethambutol (EMB, Fig. 22.50), chemical name (S,S )-(-l-)-2,2 -(ethylenediimino)di-l-butanol, exhibits bacteriostatic activity against M. tuberculosis in vitro or in macrophages at 1 pg/mL. Stepwise resistance of the dmg occurs when the dmg is administered alone but cross-resistance with other antimicrobials is rare, so its principle role is as a companion dmg to prevent resistance. 

Ehrenkranz, N.J., Taplin, D., and Butt, P., Antibiotic-resistant bacteria on the nose and skin colonization and cross-infection. Proceedings from Sixth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Philadelphia American Society for Microbiology. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 255-264,1966. 

The resistance of cellulose to microbial attack when it was treated with resins was attributed to chemical bonds formed between the fiber and the resin this was ascertained by treating cotton with a variety of phosphonium salt-resin compositions having different degrees of cross-linking and homopolymerization (127). Some of the more recent approaches for producing antimicrobial fibers include the use of reactive dyes (128) and mixtures of zirconyl and copper salts (15) on cotton and the bromination of jute (129). 

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