Antigen-encoding plasmid, delivery

DNA-based vaccines have been recently developed for immunization to overcome the deficiencies of antigen-based vaccines. The major sites of delivery for DNA-based immunization include the oral, nasal, rectal, and vaginal mucosas. The ability of a hepatitis B surface antigen-encoding plasmid to induce... 

Transdermal vaccination or transcutaneous immunization, is attractive, because it does not require specially trained personnel necessary for needle injections. Topical application of antigens to intact skin has shown promising results for the administration of DNA-based vaccines. Noninvasive gene delivery by pipetting adenovirus- or liposome-complexed plasmid DNA onto the outer layer of skin was able to achieve localized transgene expression within a restricted subset of skin in mice. It also elicited an immune response against the protein encoded by the DNA. ... 

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