Antifouling agents in marine paints

Copper(l) cyanide is used in copper plating of nickel, chromium, zinc alloys, steel, and other metals or alloys. Such copper plating imparts brightness, smoothness, hardness, and strength. The cyanide solution employed for copper electroplating consists of copper cyanide and sodium cyanide. Other apph-cations of this compound are as an insecticide, a catalyst in polmerization, and as an antifouling agent in marine paints. 

TBT (tributyl tin) (CH3(CH2)3)3Sn Antifouling agent in marine paints Affects sexual reproduction of shellfish... 

Because of the use of tributyl tin as a stabilizer in PVC plastic (hence an incineration source for inorganic Sn) and as an antifouling agent in marine paints, there has been some interest in the fate of anthropogenic Sn in the oceanic environment. Inorganic Sn is very low in the surface waters of the Sargasso Sea ( 3 X 10 moleskg ). Tributyl tin has been observed in enclosed harbors, but not in the open ocean. 

Uses Biocide antifouling agent in marine paints Features Controls bacterial slime, algae, barnacles, tubeworms, hydroids, bryozoa, tunicates, and diatoms replaces organotin antifoulants, such as tributyltin oxide which bioaccumulate and are toxic to shellfish... 

Butyl- and phenyltin compounds are known to be toxic in the marine environment [14], Historically, tributyltin (TBT) has been released into the marine environment from the leaching of TBT-based antifouling paints used on the undersides of boats and ships. Triphenyltin (TPT) has also been used as an antifouling agent in paint and in herbicide formulations. 

Tin is a soft, pliable metal, but it is not used as such, because below 13°C, it slowly changes to a different allotype and forms a powder. Steel is plated with tin to make cans for food, and tin is also used in solders. Some tin compounds have been employed as antifouling agents in paint for ships and boats to prevent barnacles. However, even at low concentrations, these compounds are deadly to marine life, especially to oysters. Tin is thought to be an essential element for some living things, and this may also be true for humans. 

In aqueous solutions, copper(I) only forms the hydrolysis species CuOH(aq) and Cu(OH)2" due to the fact it has a coordination number of 2. Copper(I) also forms the mineral phase cuprite, Cu20(s). This phase has important applications as an antifouling agent in paints for marine craft due to the toxic properties of copper. 

Rohrn and Haas was recognized for its development of SEA-N1NE 211 antifouling agent, an effective and more environmentally acceptable ingredient for use in marine antifouling paints, compared with many currently used biocides. 

Uses Antifouling agent, algicide for marine paints/coatings, in rubber or certain synthetics... 

Houghton, D. R., 1984. Toxicity Testing of Candidate Antifouling Agents and Accelerated Antifouling Paint Testing. In Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C. (eds.). Marine Deterioration. Annapolis Naval Institute PressMaryland, pp. 255-258. 

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