Antibodies evaluation

Bounaud, M. P., Bounaud, J. Y., Bouin-Pineau, M. H., Ozget, L., and Begon, F., Chemiluminescence immunoassay of thyrotropin with acridinium ester-labeled antibody evaluated and compared with two other immunoassays. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 33, 2096-2100... 

Chen and co-workers have reported a novel, simple, economical, and environmentally friendly, tunable immunosorbent-based immunoassay for sensitive and selective determination of atrazine <2003ABI251>. Hammock and co-workers have developed an antibody for simazine and atrazine that exhibits low cross-reactivity to propazine relative to most atrazine antibodies evaluated heretofore <1996JFA2210>. 

This drug also is reported to activate macrophages, to iaduce polyclonal B-ceU activation as well as enhance specific antibody production m vivo, and to iaduce the synthesis of iaterferon and interleukin 1 (52). The iaduction of these important cytokiaes (and others) largely accounts for the profile of biological activity displayed by the pyrimidinones. Bropirimine is currentiy ia clinical evaluation for cancer, arthritis, and immunorestoration ia AIDS patients. 

Standardization and Testing". The final vaccine is tested for safety, potency, and residual chemicals. Safety includes testing for endotoxin and stetihty. Potency is evaluated by quantitative determination of the amount of hemagglutinin in the vaccine. Antibody to this glycoprotein is associated with protection. The single radial immunodiffusion (SKID) technique is used to standardi2e the mass of this protein in comparison to a reference preparation. 

A number of chimerized, humanized, and one human mAb have now been approved for therapeutic use in humans in the treatment of autoimmunity, malignancy, infection and cardiovascular disease (Table 1). Some of the currently licensed mAb will be discussed here. A much larger number of mAb are currently being evaluated in Phase I, II and III trials. In general, chimeric, humanized and human mAb are very well tolerated with few side effects. Chimeric or humanized mAb still have the potential to evoke host immune response to the variable domains or CDRs of the antibody so-called HACA (human anti-chimeric antibody) or HAHA (human anti-human antibody) responses, although these responses are uncommon. Short-lived and occasionally severe infusion-related acute hypersensitivity reactions such as fever, skin itching, shivering, respiratory compromise and low blood pressure sometimes occur-. Such effects may... 

Utility. Insufficient data Is available on the measurement of 1,25(0H)2D3 for evaluation of Its utility In clinical medicine. A major breakthrough In methodology will be needed before routine application will be possible. This could come with the development of a battery of radioimmunoassays for the measurement of all of the vitamin D metabolites. So far, however, the development of antibodies to vitamin D and Its metabolites has been limited by apparently Irreversable changes In the Important B ring of the sterol which occur during Its conjugation to Immunogenic proteins. 

The assessment of patients for thyroid disorders entails a history and physical examination. In many patients with subclinical or mild thyroid disease, there may be an absence of specific signs and symptoms, and the physical examination may be normal. Various diagnostic tests can be used, including serum thyroid hormone(s), TSH, and thyroid antibody levels and imaging techniques to evaluate patients for thyroid disorders. Normal values for selected laboratory tests are given in Table 41-1. 

Mecasermin rinfibate (Iplex and Increlex ) is the only recombinant once-daily IGF-I replacement therapy for the treatment of growth failure in children with severe primary IGF-I deficiency or with GH gene deletions who have developed neutralizing antibodies to GH. This product has not been evaluated in patients with GH deficiency aside from the genetic abnormalities. 

Clinical features SCD carries a high risk for overwhelming sepsis due to functional asplenia and failure to make antibodies against encapsu lated organisms patients should be evaluated for temperature greater than 38.5°C. A low threshold for empiric therapy is recommended. 

Differences in the relative proportion of f-PSA and PSA-ACT can affect the result obtained for t-PSA because of the differences in the nature of calibration and the molar response, sensitivity, and specificity of antibodies used in various immunoassays. The efficiency of these immunoassays has been evaluated by several investigators. Because the proportion of free and complexed PSA varies in benign and malignant diseases, these immunoassays measure one form or the other, giving rise to different results for different patient groups. It is very important that data from clinical studies support the proposed intended uses of these assays, since as many as 5 percent of men with a negative free PSA test (free PSA values >25 percent) will have cancer and not be recommended for biopsy. Therefore, a goal for standardization is to detect total and free PSA accurately in equimolar fractions. 

The safety of the cocaine vaccine TC-CD in former cocaine abusers has been evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial, and it was determined that the vaccine was well tolerated with dose-related increases in antibody levels.65 Two Phase II clinical trials have now been conducted.66,67 The vaccine was again well tolerated and subjects reported a reduction in cocaine s reinforcing effects. The antibody levels were detectable after the second dose, peaked at 8 to 12 weeks, and remained elevated for up to 6 months preliminary findings indicated a negative association between antibody level and cocaine use. Other anti-cocaine vaccines in development include a blocking antibody (ITAC-cocaine) and a monoclonal catalytic antibody (15A10). 

---