Antibody-based detection methods immunoassays

In addition to the methods based on instrumental analysis, sulfur mustard exposure can be detected using immunoassays. Antibodies that can recognize DNA adducts have been raised. In an immunoslotblot assay exposures to sulfur mustard could be verified in DNA that is obtained from blood or skin (Benschop et al 1997 Van der Schans et al, 2004b). 

Besides the methods given in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2, several others are available to determine dinitrophenols in biological and environmental samples. Immunoassay methods with sensitivities comparable to those of the conventional methods given in Tables 6-1 and 6-2 are noteworthy (Bush and Rechnitz 1987 Huang et al. 1992 Kusterbeck et al. 1990 Wannlund and DeLuca 1982). However, methods based on antibody sorption have not yet been validated on samples derived from environmental and biological sources, so it is not clear what methods of clean-up are necessary prior to quantitation of dinitrophenols. Some of the other detection methods with superior sensitivities that can determine dinitrophenols are surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (Ni et al. 

All patients with CKD and those with risk factors should be tested for albuminuria using an albumin-specific dipstick test. Since most dipstick methods are not specific for albumin, newer tests for microalbuminuria (30 to 300 mg/day) should be employed. Microalbuminuria test strips, such as the Chemstrip Micral-Test II strip, are optically read immunoassay-based methods. Here, the test strip is dipped into a urine sample and albumin present in the sample binds to gold-labeled antibodies. The detection field assumes a color ranging from white (0 mg/L) to red (100 mg/L). 

We have developed nanoparticle label-based electrochemical immunoassay of OP exposure biomarkers, OP-ChE (44). The principle and procedure of this method is shown in Figure 5. Here, zircomia (Zr02) NPs, electrochemically deposited on the electrode surface, which functioned as the capture antibodies in the sandwich immunoassay. The zirconia- NP- modified electrode is then exposed to the sample solution and the ChE-OP in the sample is captured by the Zr02 nanoparticles. The QD-tagged, anti-AChE conjugate is introduced to form the sandwich-like complex on the sensor surface. The captured QDs are then dissolved by a drop of acid to release cadmium ions. This is followed by square wave voltammetric (SWV) [abbreviation already introduced but unexplained] detection of the released cadmium ions at an in situ plated mercury/bismuth film electrode. 

All immunoassays are based on the principle detection method employed. Commonly used meth-of competitive displacement of a labeled drug ods include fluorescence polarization, enzyme im-from an antigen-antibody complex by unlabeled munoassay, cloned enzyme donor immunoassay, drug in the sample. The fundamental difference enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and radioin the currently available immunoassays is the immunoassay. 

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