Anti-flammability

It is possible to increase significantly the concentration of plasticizers, anti flammable agents, and oleophilic additives by adding oleogels to rubber or plastic. Figure 5 shows the increased amount of processed oil... 

Bromine is used in the manufacture of many important organic compounds including 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide), added to petrol to prevent lead deposition which occurs by decomposition of the anti-knock —lead tetraethyl bromomethane (methyl bromide), a fumigating agent, and several compounds used to reduce flammability of polyester plastics and epoxide resins. Silver(I) bromide is used extensively in the photographic industry... 

Many other specific properties have been noted, e.g., decreased flammability and anti-blocking. 

Carter, E.V. (1988) A new synthesis process for the manufacture of lamellar iron oxides for pigment use in anti corrosive coatings. J. Oil and Colour Chem. Assoc. 5 132-133 Carty, P. White, S. (1999) Flammability studies on plasticised chlorinated poly(vinyl) chloride. Polymer Degradation Stability 63 455-463... 

High molecular weight PAGs, 12-30K amu, are found to be particularly suitable for the formulation of the HF-C type of fluid. PAG, water (35% minimum) and glycol, and together with anticorrosion, anti-wear and antifoam additives, are formulated to conform to manufacturers specifications for particular systems. Stringent flammability requirements, corrosion protection, low levels of wear, foaming and other demands such as viscosity and air release must all be achieved. 

Phosphate esters have been produced commercially since the 1920s and now have important applications as plasticisers, lubricant additives and synthetic-based fluids for hydraulic and compressor oils. Their first use in lubrication was as anti-wear additives. Later developments in aircraft hydraulic control systems, particularly during the Second World War, introduced phosphate esters as less flammable hydraulic fluids. As esters of orthophosphoric acid they have the general formula OP(OR)3, where R represents an aryl or an alkyl group or, very often, a mixture of alkyl and/or aryl components. The physical and chemical properties of phosphate esters can be varied considerably depending on the choice of substituents [59, 60], selected to give optimum performance for a given application. Phosphate esters are particularly used in applications that benefit from their excellent fire-resistant properties, but compared to other base fluids they are fairly expensive. 

Emulsions are in the HFAE and HFB groups of hydraulic fluids. The HFAE oil-in-water emulsions are more important, having a high water content, with very low flammability and are widely used due to their low cost. However, oil-in-water lubricants have a reduced wear protection compared with pure oils and, in addition, rust/corrosion and bacterial attack give problems. Improvement in these properties is achieved by using mst/corrosion inhibitors, bactericides and, if necessary, anti-wear additives. Suitable emulsifiers ensure good stability of the emulsions. 

An antidote is available for lewisite exposure. BAL (British-Anti-Lewisite dimercaprol) was developed by the British during World War II. The antidote is produced in oil diluent for intramuscular administration to counter the systemic effects of lewisite. There is no effect, however, on the skin lesions (eyes, skin, and respiratory system) from the antidote. Mustard agents (H), (HD), (HS), and (HT), like nerve agents, would be classihed as Class 6.1 poisons by the DOT and would have NFPA 704 designations of health 4, flammability 1, reactivity 1, and special... 

Preservatives which prevent infection of the skin and decomposition of the product. An ideal preservative is nontoxic to humans, nonirritating, and nonsensitizing, however, they may include flammable alcohols or mercury-based anti-infectives for the eye areas. 

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