Anthrax, detecting

Anthraquinone Yellow, colorant for plastics, 7 374t Anthrarufin, 9 315 Anthra system, 14 47—4 8 Anthrax detection technology, 22 264 Anthrax sterilization, 8 667 Anthrazit coal grade (Germany), 6 713t Anthrimide dyes, 9 332 Anthrimidocarbazole dyes, 9 332-333 vat dyes, 9 324... 

Glass and copper substrates for anthrax detection and glucose detection respectively were pretreated as described previously (10, II). Approximately 2 pL of the nanosphere suspension (4% solids) was drop-coated onto each glass substrate and 10 pL of the nanosphere suspension was drop-coated onto each copper substrate and allowed to dry in ambient conditions. The metal films were deposited in a modified Consolidated Vacuum Corporation vapor deposition system with a base pressure of 10" Ton. The deposition rates for each film (10 A/sec) were measured as described previously (10). AgFON surfaces were stored in the dark at room temperature prior to use. 

Use of Field-Portable Raman Spectrometer for Anthrax Detection... 

Figure 1 (a) Details of feature for embossing on CD for anthrax detection (b) computer image of the features on the lab-on-a-CD appUcation. 

More recently PCR proved to be a valuable detection and analytical tool during the terrorist inspired anthrax outbreak m the fall of 2001... 

Makino, S. I. Cheun, H. I. Application of the real-time PCR for the detection of airborne microbial pathogens in reference to the anthrax spores. J. Microbiol. Meth. 2003,53,141-147. 

Events involving deliberate or accidental distribution of bacterial pathogens into our everyday environment have clearly defined the need for a sensitive, specific, and rapid method of bacterial detection. Bioterrorism was first introduced in the United States in 1984 with the Salmonella typhimurium attack in The Dalles, Oregon, by a cult group attempting to affect a local election.1 As a result of this act 751 people contracted salmonellosis, which totally overwhelmed the hospitals and medical clinics with patients. Later our society became keenly aware of the potential of bioterrorism during the last four months of 2001 when Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spores were sent through the US mail in an envelope to several locations. These events had... 

Bruno J.G., Kiel J.L., In vitro selection of DNA aptamers to anthrax spores with electrochemiluminescence detection, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1999 14 457-464. 

Rickettsia can be stored as freeze-dried powders. In this form, they are easy to disperse. However, because they are living organisms and can be killed during the dispersal process there are limitations to the methods that can be used. They can also be stored and dispersed via infected vectors (e.g., lice, ticks). In most cases, large-scale attacks will be clandestine and only detected through epidemiological analysis of resulting disease patterns. Localized or small-scale attacks may take the form of "anthrax" letters. Even in these cases, without the inclusion of a threat the attack may go unnoticed until the disease appears in exposed individuals (e.g., the initial 2001 anthrax attack at American Media Inc., which claimed the life of Robert Stevens). 

J.R. Uhl, C.A. Bell, L.M. Sloan, M.J. Espy, T.F. Smith, J.E. Rosenblatt and F.R. Cockerill, Application of rapid-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of microbial pathogens the Mayo-Roche rapid anthrax test, Mayo Clin. Proc., 77 (2002) 673-680. 

E.T. Arakawa, N.V. Lavrik and P.G. Datskos, Detection of anthrax stimulants with microcalorimetric spectroscopy Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus spores, Appl. Opt., 42 (2003) 1757-1762. 

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