Anthrax outbreaks

More recently PCR proved to be a valuable detection and analytical tool during the terrorist inspired anthrax outbreak m the fall of 2001... 

Frerichs, R. (2002). American anthrax outbreak of 2001. UCLA Dept, of Epidemiology. Retrieved March 13, 2007 from http // www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetectJist.html... 

Acute Care Settings. The hospital emergency department is likely to be an imtial setting in which the victims of bioterror events first seek medical care. This was illustrated in the anthrax outbreak in October-November 2001. Of the 11 patients with inhalational anthrax, 9 presented for initial care to a hospital emergency department (ED), and the remaining 2 patients ultimately sought care in an ED as their symptoms worsened (Barakat et al., 2002 Jernigan et al., 2001). Clearly, health care providers in the ED and other acute health... 

Meselson, M, Guillemin, J, Hugh-Jones, M, Langmuir, A, Popova, 1, Shelokov, A, Yampolskaya, O. The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979. Science, 266(5188) 1202-1208, 1994... 

Figure 4. Decadal spatio-temporal clusters of anthrax outbreaks in cattle from Kazakhstan during the period 1960-1999. Grayscale ramp indicates the spatial scale of the cluster as determined by the critical distance for that g-score. Black arrows indicate areas in which significant clusters of outbreaks disappeared during the study period the red arrow indicates an area in which a cluster developed in the latter decades of the study period. Cluster data adapted from Sagiyev et al. [47].

To understand how ENM can be useful for predicting the geographic space in which anthrax outbreaks may occur naturally, it is first important to define the concept of the ecological niche and provide a conceptual framework for the modeling process. 

A GIS database of specific anthrax outbreak localities within the 48 contiguous United States was developed from a variety of data sources for the period 2000 to 2005, with the exception of a 1957 outbreak report that could be mapped at the point level for... 

TABLE 1. Data Sources for Anthrax-Outbreak Localities (1957-2005) Used to Develop Ecological Niche Models of Bacillus anthracis in the Contiguous United States and to Project the Distribution in Mexico... 

Van Ness, G.B. 1959. Soil relationship in the Oklahoma-Kansas anthrax outbreak of 1957. J. Soil Water Conserv. 14 70-71. 

Koss T, Carter EL, Grossman ME, et al. Increased detection of rickettsialpox in a New York City hospital following the anthrax outbreak of 2001 Use of immunohistochemistry for the rapid confirmation of cases in an era of bioterrorism. Arch Dermatol. 2003 139 1545-1552. 

American Anthrax Outbreak of 2001, Case 3. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. Available http //www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/detect/antdetect case3. html. 

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