Anthracene-containing polymers

Doubtless, to utilize completely all the advantages of the PL method, the team work of physicists and chemists is necessary as well as the efforts in the field of synthetic chemistry aimed at developing such methods of the synthesis of polymers with markers that can be used for polymers of any chemical structure. At present, this problem has been completely solved for anthracene-containing markers by Krakoviak (Table 1). Section 3 deals with the methods of synthesis of labeled polymers. 

Times for phenyl-containing polymer molecules with anthracene-containing LM are determined by Eq. (2.3)... 

The formation of polymers with terminal LM during chain termination in free-radical polymerization is based on the ability of anthracene and some of its derivatives to participate in homolytical reactions It was established that anthracene-containing compounds interact with macroradicals which are generated in free-radical... 

Polymers containing LM at the chain ends can be obtained by the reaction of anthracene-containing reagents with functional end groups of macromolecules such as carboxy groups or living ends of macromolecules generated in anionic poly-merization ... 

Anthracene-containing monomers of the methacrylic series (e.g. anthrylmethyl methacrylates) can also be used to obtain polymers with LM by copolymerization. The monomers of this type are successfully used for the introduction of LM (Table 1 LMj and LMa) into side groups not only of various methacrylate polymers (e.g. from methyl to cetyl- and cholesteryl methacrylates) also of other polymer types. In the latter case, it is advisable to use monomers in which the position 10 is substituted (e.g. by a methyl group). In this case, the probability of side homolytical reactions with the participation of anthracen groups con-sinderably decreases ... 

Anthrylmethyl vinyl ether obtained by trans-vinylation is an anthracene-containing monomer which copolymerizes by a cationic mechanism. It has been successfully apphed to the synthesis of polymers of mono- and dialkoxyethylenes and propenyl alkyl ethers bearing LM in side groups (Table 1 LM4) ... 

In each case, the choice of the type of reaction between the macromolecules of the polymer and anthracene-containing reagents is determined by many factors. The most important include ... 

LM bound by the reaction between an anthracene-containing reagent and functional groups of finely dispersed swollen particles of a cross-linked polymer ... 

The methods of the synthesis of labeled polymers with anthracene-containing LM (see Sect. 3) allow the preparation of polymers with LM of identical structure... 

The investi tion of the IMM of polymers of various classes by PZ, using anthracene-containing luminescent markers of similar stmctures, mainly 9-anthrjdmethyloxycarbonyl groups, allows conclusions to be drawn on influence of the substituents (their position, stmcture, and length) on the IMM of the polymer. 

Therefore, a precise determination of timm by thePi of anthracene-containing LM is impossible since the IMM of the polymer is higher than the mobility of the marker itself and, hence, the mobUity of the latter becomes the predominat relaxation process. 

The changes in IMM during the conformational helix-coil transformation in synthetic polypeptides have also been studied by PL The polymer used was poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) with anthracene-containing luminescent markers in the side chains (one marker per 1000 monomer units). The structure and the position of the marker are ... 

Anthracene and its derivatives undergo a [4-F4] photocycloaddition to cyclooctane-containing dimers. This reaction can be reversed with mechanical forces, 3delding fluorescent anthracenes. Poly(vinyl alcohol) was crosslinked with anthracene dimers to give polymers that could report microcracks in a similar way as the tricinnamate-containing polymers described above (Figure 11.3). 

The PL method has been used to investigate the influence of the composition of random copolymers on the IMM of the polymer chain 1 Methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (the chain mobilities of the corresponding polymers differ by two orders of magnitude), styrene and a-methylstyrene (the relaxation parameters of the corresponding polymers are very similar) and, finally, styrene and methyl methacrylate were chosen as components of the random copolymers. Anthracene-containing LM were used for all these copolymers. 

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