Anterior kidney

Boleza, K.A., L.E. Burnett and K.G. Burnett. Hypercapnic hypoxia compromises bactericidal activity of fish anterior kidney cells against opportunistic environmental pathogens. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 11 593-610, 2001. 

Roszell, L.E. and C.D. Rice. Innate cellular immune function of anterior kidney leucocytes in the gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 8 129-142, 1998. 

In humans, the hypothalamic-derived protein and the hormone noncovalent complexes are packaged in neurosecretory granules, then migrate along axons at a rate of 1 4 mm/h until they reach the posterior pituitary where they are stored prior to release into the bloodstream by exocytosis (67). Considerable evidence suggests that posterior pituitary hormones function as neurotransmitters (68) vasopressin acts on the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone [9002-60-2] (ACTH) (69) as well as on traditional target tissues such as kidneys. Both hormones promote other important central nervous system (CNS) effects (9,70). 

High amounts of somatostatin are found in the CNS, the peripheral nervous system, the gut and the endocrine pancreas whereas the kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, submandibular glands, prostate and placenta produce rather low amounts. In particular, the hypothalamus, all limbic structures, the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the periaqueductal central grey and all levels of the major sensoty pathway are brain areas that are especially rich in somatostatin. Eighty percent of the somatostatin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus is found in cells of the anterior periventricular nucleus (Fig. 1, [1]). The gut 5 cells of the mucosa and neurons, which are intrinsic to the submucous and... 

The adrenal gland lies on the superior surface of each kidney. It is a double organ composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla In response to ACTH secreted by the anterior pituitary, the adrenal cortex secretes several hormones (the glucocorticoids, the mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of sex hormones). 

PGE Elevates body temperature set-point in anterior hypothalamus Protects stomach lining acid degradation Reduces secretion of stomach acid Renal vasodilatation in kidneys Stimulates uterine smooth-muscle contraction... 

AM is widely distributed in the body. The highest concentrations are found in the adrenal glands, hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary, but high levels are also present in the kidneys, lungs, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal tract. AM in plasma apparently originates in the heart and vasculature. 

Figure 9 Time-dependent PEDRI images of a living mouse with an intravenous infusion of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-carboxylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (PCA) radical. (A) The posterior slice (a-e) no ESR irradiation, (f-j) 12 W of ESR irradiation and (k-o) the subtraction of ESR on and off images. (B) The anterior slice (a -e ) no ESR irradiation, (f -j ) 12 W of ESR irradiation and (k -o ) the subtraction of ESR on and off images. The posterior images show that PCA is initially distributed in the heart, lungs, kidneys and major vessels, while the anterior images show that PCA is collected in the bladder over time. Adapted with permission from Ref. [160].

Angiotensin II Smooth muscle Hepatocytes Kidney Anterior pituitary cells... 

However, this reaction is generally accompanied by fibrosis and increased elasticity of the vessel wall. Portal hypertension leads to the dilation and reopening of veins which connect the portal vein system to the superior or inferior vena cava. Hence collateral circulation develops in the region of the oesophagus and gastric fundus as well as in the intestinal tract, retroperito-neum, lungs, spleen and kidneys, and at the anterior abdominal wall. (s. p. 253) (s. tab. 14.10) (s. figs. 7.5 14.11, 14.12 16.9)... 

Indications Liver blood and kidney yin and yang vacuity, loss of harmony of the chong and ren. Menopausal complaints, amenorrhea, hypertension, nephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidneys, renal vascular disease, urinary tract infection, and hypofunction of the anterior pituitary... 

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