Antarctica bacteria

Voytek, M. A., B. B. Ward, and J. C. Priscu. 1998. The abundance of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in Lake Bonney, Antarctica determined by immunofluorescence, PCR and in situ hybridization. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert. The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (J. C. Priscu, Ed.), pp. 217—228. Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC. 

Examples of especially dry environments on Earth include the Atacama Desert of northern Chile and the Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Dose et al. (2001) exposed spores, conidia, and cells of several microbes to 15 months of desiccation in the dark at two locations of the Atacama Desert. Bacillus subtilis (bacteria) spores (survival 15%) and Aspergillus niger (fungi) conidia (survival 30%) outlived other species. Deinococcus radiodurans (bacteria) did not survive the desert exposure because they were readily killed at RH between 40% and 80%, which occurred during desert nights (Dose et al. 2001). 

Putt M, Miceli G, Stoecker DK (1994) Association of bacteria with Phaeocystis sp. in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 105 179-189 Reichenbach H, Dworkin M (1991) The order Cytopha-gales. In Balows A, Truber HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH (eds) The prokaryotes. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 356-379... 

Regrowth experiments were performed by mixing P. antarctica-den ved organic matter with an inoculum of Antarctic bacteria. Phaeocystis-derived organic matter was prepared from pure cultures of P. antarctica grown under Fe-limiting (LFe) and enriched conditions (HFe). 

The bacteria inoculum was prepared from 0.8 pm prefiltered Antarctic seawater collected four months before the experiments at McMurdo Sound (Antarctica). These bacteria were pre-incubated in LFe (<1 nM) and HFe (+2 nM) Antarctic seawaters for at least five generations. They were grown in the dark at 2°C. 

Daly KL, DiTullio GR (1996) Particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate removal and dimethylsulfide production by zooplankton in the Southern Ocean. In Kiene RP, Visscher PT, Keller MD, Kirst GO (eds) Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds. Plenum Press, New York, pp 223-238 Davidson AT, Marchant HJ (1987) Binding of manganese by Antarctic Phaeocystis pouchetii and the role of bacteria in its release. Marine Biol 95 481-487 DiTullio GR, Smith WO (1995) Relationship Between Dimethylsulfide And Phytoplankton Pigment Concentrations In The Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res Part 142 873-892... 

Voytek, M. A., Priscu, J. C., and Ward, B. B. (1999). The distribution and relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in lakes of the McMurdo Dry VaUey, Antarctica. Hydrobiologia 401, 113-130. 

Lonza, a fine chemical manufacturer, has developed a biotechnological route, starting with 3-cyanopyridine to nicotinamide (also known as niacin or vitamin B3) (see Fig. 9.11). Conversions are based on enzymatic hydrolysis with nitrile hydratase from Rhodo-coccus bacteria or by bioconversion with living bacterial cells. The reactions are very specific, and the yields are quantitative. Novo-zyme has introduced an extremely thermostable lipase from the yeast Candida (Pseudozyma) antarctica (Novozyme 435), which is extremely suitable for carrying out specific esterifications in organic solvents. 

A dog killed in Nakhla, Egypt, in 1911 is reported to be the only known casualty of a Martian meteorite. In 1984, a meteorite of Martian origin (ALH84001) was discovered in Antarctica and contained what looked like fossil bacteria. The evidence remains inconclusive and controversial. 

A group of Russian scientists carefully drilled into it... Y. M. Shtarkman et aL Subglacial Lake Vostok (Antarctica) accretion ice contains a diverse set of sequences from aquatic, marine and sediment-inhabiting bacteria and eukarya. 2013. PLoS One 8(7), p. e67221. DOl 10.1371/journal.pone.0067221. 

A similar assay was used to examine the effects of extracts from three soft corals Alcyonium paessleri, Clavularia frankliniana, and Gersemia antarctica, against three species of marine bacteria (Slattery et al. 1995). In this assay, replicate 20-g soft coral samples were extracted in 200 ml of solvent and then diluted to tissue level concentrations. Twenty-five microliters of each soft coral extract or a solvent control were then spotted onto glass microscope slide cover-slips. The coverslips were placed into individual wells of tissue culture plates that contained 2 ml of sterile-filtered seawater seeded with 50 Lil of a bacterial suspension (7.5 x 10 cells/ml). Following a 48-h incubation, the coverslips were washed with sterile-filtered seawater to remove unattached cells and stained with DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). The number of cells in each of five replicate microscope fields per coverslip were counted using epifluorescence microscopy. Bacterial attachment was found in this study to be inhibited by the chloroform extracts of both A. paessleri and G. antarctica and the methanol extract of G. antarctica. The active chloroform extracts did not display antimicro-... 

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