Anisotropy, paper properties

The investigation on oriented polymeric networks obtained by the photopolymerization of oriented low molecular weight species, as presented in this paper, has been carried out with a more or less conventional acrylate monomer. Already with this material an anisotropy in properties could be demonstrated. It is to be expected that even more pronounced effects can be obtained with monomers which have a strong tendency to alignment. Based on this idea we are now investigating liquid crystalline monomers in our laboratory. 

In this paper it was very briefly demonstrated that the laser radiation in combination with external fields can be a powerful tool to prepare molecules in specific quantum state that can be characterized with a well pronounced spatial anisotropy of molecular axes (chemical bonds) and angular momentum. These states in past have been exploited in studies of molecuhu properties including dynamics of chemical reactions, but it seems that full capacity of this method still needs to be explored. 

An important consequence of the dynamic conditions used in the papermaking process is the introduction into the paper sheet of a three dimensional anisotropy. During the papermaking process as the fibers are much longer than the paper thickness, they undergo an in-plane orientation. Futhermore, the dynamic conditions cause the fibers to orient themselves, not only in the plane of the sheet, but also in the direction of the moving wire. This direction is called the Machine Direction (MD) and the direction perpendicular to it is the Cross-Direction (CD). Paper anisotropy is one of its more important characteristics, since it influences all its mechanical properties. A schematic illustration of the distribution of the fibers in a paper sheet is shown in Fig. 3- In this article, it will be demonstrated that, the anisotropy also influences the electrical conductivity of the paper. 

In this paper the compressive strength/elastic modulus of the jointed rock mass was estimated as a function of intact rock strength/modulus and joint factor. The joint factor reflects the combined effect of joint frequency, joint inclination and joint strength. Therefore, having known the intact rock properties and the joint factor, jointed rock properties can be estimated. The test results indicated that the rock mass strength decreases with an increase in the joint frequency and a sharp transition was observed from brittle to ductile behaviour with an increase in the number of joints. It was also found that the rocks with planar anisotropy exhibit the highest strength in the direction perpendicular to the anisotropy and the lowest at an inclination of 30o-45o in jointed samples. The anisotropy of the specimen influences the dynamic elastic modulus more than the static elastic modulus. The results were also compared well with the published works of different authors for different type of rocks. 

The first part of this paper discusses factors that govern the multiplexing capability of TN-LCD, and introduces some definitions of figure of merit. For various chemical classes of LCs such as Schiff s base, esters, biphenyls, azoxy and cyclohexanes, their physical properties and their relationship to display performance are discussed. We classify those LCs into three categories, Ng (weakly positive dielectric anisotropy nematic LC) and Nj +Np (binary mixed system of negative and positive dielectric anisotropy nematic LC). An evaluation of each class is given. 

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