Animal species differentiation

In our experience this method can be used in a very broad range of animal species differentiation, especially if no other method is available [e.g., for rare or exotic animal species (birds, mammals, and reptiles)]. The method can also be used for fish species differentiation however, the use of adapted primer pairs is recommended (see Section 4.2.3). The principal applications and limitations of the method are presented below. 

Eugster A (2003). [Contaminations of animal origin in cereals and cereal products 1. Problem and contribution to animal species differentiation by PCR]. Mitt Lehensmittelunters., Hyg. 95 99-109. 

As for testicular toxicity, which does not seem to be related to peroxisomal proliferation to the extent that liver cancer is, differential sensitivity among animal species has been found. Studies in vivo have shown that rats and guinea pigs are highly sensitive while mice are fairly sensitive, and hamsters and monkeys... 

Prager, M.J. (1989) Differential characteristics of fatty acids in cheese from milk of various animal species by capillary gas chromatography. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 12, 418—421. 

The parenchymatous liver cells (hepatocytes) hold a key position in the overall metabolism of iron (57, 58, 59, 60), and since functionally intact liver mitochondria can be conveniently prepared at high yield, these mitochondria have been most extensively studied so far. The iron transporting system discussed above for liver mitochondria is present also in mitochondria from other tissues and animal species (Table III). Quantitatively, erythroid cells of the bone marrow play the most important role in the overall metabolism of iron (61), and it was therefore not unexpected to find that the energized uptake of iron by isolated reticulocyte mitochondria exceeds that of mitochondria isolated from, for example, liver, kidney, and heart (Table IV). Thus, a relationship appears to exist between the rate and extent of heme protein turnover in mitochondria isolated from different tissues and their energized iron accumulation (30). Thus, it is evident that cellular differentiation is expressed at the mitochondrial level by modulation of the activity of essential functions related to iron transport and heme biosynthesis. 

The biochemistry of the acids has really yet to be explored. However, certain aspects of their comparative biochemistry have been noted already, by implication rather than by discussion. It is evident that the variations observed, not only in the nature of the acid actually present but also in the quantities found in any one given source, reflect at a biochemical level an aspect of differentiation between animal species. Other such instances which might be cited are rather few, hut include the nature of the bile acids, phosphagens, and visual pigments. ... 

Figure 4.2 shows the analysis of important meat species beef, pork, lamb, mrkey, chicken, and ostrich. Amplified DNA was digested with Alu 1 and Hae 111. Even using only these two enzymes, the animal species can be distinguished clearly if no other species is expected. Selection of the enzyme depends on the animal species to be differentiated. In practice, we use three different restriction enzymes. 

In Figure 4.12 the analysis of some game meat species after restriction with Mho I and Hinf I is shown. The combination of only two restriction patterns is sufficient to differentiate nine game meat and two farm animal species (pig, cattle). Restriction... 

Discussion of fat transport in terms of lipoproteins is justified by the fact that each plasma lipid is present in blood as a constituent of lipoproteins. Unfortunately, our knowledge of lipoproteins as structural and functional units is sparse thus any attempt to give an overall view of their role in fat transport is still largely speculative. One of the most difficult problems is that of differentiating the metabolism of transported fats from metabolism of those which are structural constituents of lipoproteins, and the establishment of their interrelationship. Variations from one animal species to another are also be considered and undue generalization avoided until better comparative studies are available. 

The effect of silver on developmental stages of fish and amphibians is shown in Fig. 6. Responses were surprisingly uniform over the full exposure range for animal species (e.g., trout, goldfish), which ordinarily exhibit differential sensitivity to most toxicants. 

Andre (1962) has studied mitochondrial differentiation during nebenkern formation in 50 animal species and has presented detailed observations for the sperm of the rat, a gastropod Testacella and the butterfly Pietis brassicae. In all species, the mitochondria exhibit normal ultrastructure during early spermiogenesis, but later they become highly modified. 

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