Animal nutrition challenges

Animal nutrition and feeding the challenges of organic farming... 

Young, V. R., Scrimshaw, N. S., and Pellet, P. L. (1998). Significance of dietary protein source in world nutrition animal and/or plant protein In Feeding a World Population of More Than 8 Billion People A Challenge to Science", (J. C. Waterlow, D. G. Armstrong,... 

Concentrated feed is formulated ivith the specific needs of each animal group and the requirements of the particular industry in mind, whereby growth (fat and/or muscle development), endurance, subsistence, and special performances (e.g., high rate of egg production) are encouraged and supported. Since, in comparison to the basic nutritional feed components carbohydrates, proteins, fats, amides, fibers, and water, the relative gravimetric and volumetric amounts of additives, such as minerals and vitamins, are very small, uniform distribution in the bulk feed became a challenge (Section 6.2.1) and segregation a problem. It was also found that certain animals did... 

Animal feeding is experiencing tremendous changes. Its initial objective - to meet nutritional requirements - is now only one of many challenges we must understand and control its impact on product quality and safety, on animal welfare and health, and on the environment These wider objectives require the development of new concepts of nutritional value of feedstuffs,for which these tables are a useful basis. The new feed characteristics provided therein (amino acid digestibility, availability or digestibility of minerals, cation-anion difference) are definitely within this framework. 

Prior to the synthetic preparation of thyroxine, hypothyroidism was treated with extracts of dried thyroid glands from animals. Standardisation was however not easy, and the use of these nutritional supplements caused occasionally serious side-effects. Industrial manufacturing of the pure hormone began around 60 years ago. Its synthetic challenges consist in the formation of the diphenyl ether linkage and the iodination of the aromatic rings. [89]... 

Figure 1 The iodine cycle in nature. The atmosphere absorbs iodine from the sea, which then returns through rain and snow to mountainous regions. It is then carried by rivers to the lower hills and plains, eventually returning to the sea. High rainfall, snow, and flooding increase the loss of soil iodine, which has often been already denuded by past glaciation. This causes the low iodine content of food for man and animals. (Reproduced from Hetzel BS (1989) The Story of Iodine Deficiency An international Challenge in Nutrition. Oxford Oxford University Press.)...

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