Animal noses

VJ The workshop that addressed the problem would have been quite interesting to you, as it was a shoot-out between chemical and physical test procedures and animal noses. I was asked to represent the noses. 

Horn fi om the rhino is different firom other types of hom, as it is composed entirely of compacted strands of keratin, so that it is solid with no bony core. Other types of hom are thin sheaths of homy material covering a bony core. Rhinos horns grow throughout the animals lives, and can regrow if broken or damaged. They grow om the skin on the animals noses (Fig. 6.1). 

Concern Specific effects, therefore increased costs, accident rate reduced productivity Decreased well-being Non-specific respiratory troubles Irritation of eyes, nose and throat Damage to property and vegetation Injury to animals Decrease in amenity Long-term ecological effects... 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Goggles or face shield dust mask Symptoms Following Exposure Inhalation of dust may causes irritation of nose and throat. Contact with eyes or skin causes irritation. Ingestion has been observed to cause tremors and muscle spasms in test animals General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION move to fresh air. EYES flush with water for at least 15 min. SKIN flush with water wash with soap and water. INGESTION get medical attention Toxicity by Inhalation (Thresholdlimit Value) Data not available Short-Term Inhalation limits Data not available Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 2 oral LDjq = 3,800 mg/kg (rat) Late Toxicity Causes cancer in rats Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Data not available liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics Data not available Odor Threshold Not pertinent. 

Goldberger and Lillie in 1926 found that rats fed certain nutritionally deficient diets developed dermatitis acrodynia, a skin disorder characterized by edema and lesions of the ears, paws, nose, and tail. Szent-Gyorgyi later found that a factor he had isolated prevented these skin lesions in the rat. He proposed the name vitamin Bg for his factor. Pyridoxine, a form of this vitamin found in plants (and the form of Bg sold commercially), was isolated in 1938 by three research groups working independendy. Pyridoxal and pyridoxamine, the forms that predominate in animals, were... 

Evidence of neurotoxicity was also observed in animal studies. Nose-only exposure of rats to endosulfan at concentrations of 3.6 mg/m in females and 12.3 mg/m in males resulted in trembling and ataxia (Hoechst 1983a). At higher concentrations in both sexes, tremors, tonic-clonic convulsions, and reduced corneal, pupillary, placing, shock, paw-pinch, and cutaneous reflexes were observed. Nose-only exposure of male and female rats to concentrations of endosulfan of up to 2 mg/m for 6 hours/day,... 

No studies were located that examined reproductive function in animals after inhalation exposure to endosulfan. However, routine gross and histopathological examination of the reproductive organs (testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, prostate, ovaries, and uterus) of rats exposed (nose-only) to concentrations of endosulfan of up to 2 mg/m for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for a total of 21 out of 29 days revealed no adverse effects (Hoechst 1984c). 

Trotier D. and Doving K. (1998). Anatomical description of a new organ in the nose of domesticated animals by Ludvig Jacobson (1813). Chem Senses 23, 743-754. 

Troop exposure to these materials could result from leaking DF containers, accidents that disrupt packaging, spills at production or storage facilities, or accidents during transport. Because DF and DC are relatively volatile compounds, the primary route of exposure is expected to be the respiratory system. However, ingestion also results from inhalation exposures in animals and could occur in humans. DF and DC vapors have a pungent odor and may cause severe and painful irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Data provided are for DF only, DC has similar properties. 

By far, the most suitable method to quantify individual ruminant animal CH4 measurement is by using respiration chamber, or calorimetry. The respiration chamber models include whole animal chambers, head boxes, or ventilated hoods and face masks. These methods have been effectively used to collect information pertaining to CH4 emissions in livestock. The predominant use of calorimeters has been in energy balance experiments where CH4 has been estimated as a part of the procedures followed. Although there are various designs available, open-circuit calorimeter has been the one widely used. There are various designs of calorimeters, but the most common one is the open-circuit calorimeter, in which outside air is circulated around the animal s head, mouth, and nose and expired air is collected for further analysis. 

A skin redness reported in experimental animals (rats, rabbits, cats and monkeys) after inhalation exposure to acrylonitrile may be due to a vasodilatory effect, rather than a direct irritant action (Ahmed and Patel 1981). Guinea pigs, which do not exhibit the cyanide-type effects of acrylonitrile poisoning (see Section 2.2.1.4), were observed to have nose and eye irritation from the acrylonitrile vapors (Dudley and Neal 1942). 

May cause severe and painful irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Severe exposure can cause accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Inhalation toxicity similar to hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. May cause second or third degree burns upon short contact with skin surfaces. Oral ingestion may result in tissue destruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Decreased blood cholinesterase levels have been reported in animals. 

Signs and Symptoms Characterized by fever, sudden appearance of vesicles or blisters on the mouth, nose, feet, and teats. The blisters quickly rupture to leave erosions or ulcers. Animals with mouth ulcers drool (ptyalism) and back off of feed. Due to sore feet, animals prefer to lie down. Cattle may also lose one or both horns of the foot. Animals with teat lesions are hard to milk and prone to mastitis. 

Signs and Symptoms Characterized by sudden onset of fever, discharges from the nose and eyes, and drooling (ptyalism). Animals have a loss of appetite and show a reluctance to move. Pox lesions appear on the skin but are most obvious on face, eyelids and ears, perineum, and tail. Lesions begin as an area of reddening, then progressing to papules, vesicles, pustules with exudation, and finally to scabs. Lesions also appear on the mucous membranes of the nostrils, mouth, and vulva. Animals suffer acute respiratory distress. Healing is very slow. Mortality peaks about 2 weeks after the onset of the skin lesions. 

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