Angle X-ray Studies

Tyagi D., McGrath J.E., and Wilkes G., Small angle x-ray studies of siloxane urea segmented copolymers, Polym. Eng. Sci., 26, 1371, 1986. 

Gierke, T. D., Munn, G. E. and Wilson, F. C. 1981. The morphology in Nafion perfluorinated membrane products, as determined by wide-angle and small-angle x-ray studies. Journal of Polymer Science Polymer Physics 19 1687-1704. 

Finally, a number of associated techniques have been used to sited light on the phenomenon of molecular fracture. These techniques do not estimate the inddence of fracture events but rather omcern phenomena or structures whidi bear strongly on the subject. Thus infra-red spectroscopy is employed to demonstrate the state of molecular stress prior to fracture, whilst low angle X-ray studies can be used both to assess the distribution of strain within a semi-crystalline polymer and to detect and measure the microvoids which are assodated with molecular fracture in such materials. 

T.D. Gierke, G.E. Munn and EC. Wilson, Morphology of Nafion perfluorosulfonated membrane products, as determined by wide- and small-angle X-ray studies, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., 1981, 19, 1687-1704 W.Y. Hsu and T.D. Gierke, Elastic theory for ionic clustering in perfluorinated ionomers, Macromolecules, 1982, 15, 101-105. 

Hennig C, Panak PJ, Reich T, Rossberg A, Raff J, Selenska-Pobell S, Matz W, Bucher JJ, Bernhard G, Nitsche H (2001) EXAFS investigation of uranium)VI) complexes formed at Bacillus cereus and Bacillus sphaericus surfaces. Radiochim Acta 89 625-631 Hessler JP, Seifert S, Winans RE, Fletcher TH (2001) Small-angle X-ray studies of soot inception and growth. Faraday Discuss 119 395-407... 

W. O. Statton, Small angle X-ray studies of polymers, in B. Ke (ed.). Newer Methods of Polymer Characterization, Interscience, New York, 1964, p. 231. 

Gierke, T.D., G.E. Munn, and F.C. Wilson, Morphology of perfluorosulfonated membrane products - wide-angle and small-angle X-Ray studies. Acs S nnposium Series, 1982. 180 pp. 195-216. 

Gierke TD, Munn GE, Wilson FC (1981) The mraphology in Nafion prulluoiinated membrane products, as determined by wide- and small-angle X-ray studies. J Polym Sci Pol Phys 19 1687-1704... 

Experimental evidence now strongly favors the interphase concept. In addition to the two investigations already cited (12,13), there have been several small-angle x-ray studies (e.g., 21) which were sufficiently precise to measure the interphase thickness, and results proved to be compatible with recent thermodynamic models (8-10,22). Rheological evidence from the liquid state has also been interpreted in terms of a critical role played by the interphase (23). Finally, we will show here that data from dynamic mechanical spectroscopy can be explained only by choosing 0 and that details of G (T) and G (T) can be... 

V. V. Shilov, Yu. S. Lipatov, L. V. Karabanova, and L. M. Sergeeva, Phase Separation in the Interpenetrating Polymeric Networks on the Basis of Polyurethane and Polyurethane Acrylates, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 17, 3083 (1979). Small-angle X-ray study. Thickness of transition layer, diffuseness of phase boundary, degree of miscibility determined. 

Lipopolysaccharides.—From studies of the interactions between lipopoly-saccharide and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine in molecular monolayers at air-water interfaces, it has been concluded that each lipopolysaccharide molecule is surrounded by approximately sixteen phosphatidyl-ethanolamine molecules. The hydrocarbon chains of lipopolysaccharides can undergo a reversible thermal order-disorder transition, as shown by thermal phase-transition studies. The ordered conformation of lipopolysaccharides interpreted from wide-angle X-ray studies is considered less developed than that in normal phospholipid bilayers. 

Small-angle X-ray studies can be used to establish molecular long-range... 

There is substantial evidence to indicate, at all the levels of morphology that are amenable to study, well-defined organized structures exist. Small-angle x-ray studies indicate structures having linear dimensions that correspond to hundreds of angstroms.(34,35) A typical low-angle x-ray pattern from a highly axially oriented... 

Gerasimov VI, Genin YV, Tsvankin DY (1974) Small-angle x-ray study of deformed bulk polyethylene. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 12 2035-2046 Glatter O, Kratky O (1982) Small angle X-ray scattering. Academic, London Halary J-L, Laupretre F, Monnerie L (2011) Polymer materials macroscopic properties and molecular interpretations. Wiley, New York... 

Kozlov, G. V., Ozden, S., Dolbin, I. V. (2002). Small Angle X-Ray Studies of the Amorphous Polymers Fractal Structure. Russian Polymer News, 7(2), 35-38. 

Nojima, S., Kanda, Y., and Sasaki, S. (1998) Time-resolved small-angle X-ray studies on the melting behavior of poly (e-caprolactone)-fcbck-polybutadiene copolymers. Polym. J., 30, 628-634. 

Wenig W, Karasz FE, MacKnight WJ. Structure and properties of the system Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) isotactic polystyrene small-angle X-ray studies. J Appl Phys 1975 46 41944198. 

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