Angeles Basin

Petroleum—a natural mineral oil—was referred to as early as the Old Testament. The word petroleum means rock oil [from the Greek petros (rock) and elaion (oil)]. It has been found for centuries seeping out of the ground, for example, in the Los Angeles basin in what are now called the La Brea tar pits. Vast deposits were found in Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa. 

Fig. 8-3. Relationship between Los Angeles Basin s urban sources of photochemical smog and the San Bernardino Mountains, where ozone damage has occurred to the ponderosa pines. The solid lines are the average daily 1-hr maximum dose of ozone (ppm), )uly-September 1975-1977. Source Adapted from Davidson, A., Ozone trends in the south coast air basin of California, in "Ozone/Oxidants Interaction with the Total Environment.". A ir Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, 1979, pp. 433-450.

Taylor and Marsh (7) investigated the long-term characteristics of temperature inversions and mixed layers in the lower atmosphere to produce an inversion climatology for the Los Angeles basin. In this area the cooler ocean currents produce an elevated inversion that is nearly always present and traps the pollutants released over the area within a layer seldom deeper than 1200 m and frequently much shallower. 

Taylor, G. H., and Marsh, S. L., Jr., An inversion climatology for the Los Angeles basin, pp. 294-257 in "Preprints of Seventh Joint Conference on Application of Air Pollution Meteorology with AWMA," Jan. 14-18, 1991, New Orleans, LA. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1991. 

Researchers have simulated the impact of the urbanwidc application ot reflective roofs on cooling-energy use and smog in the Los Angeles Basin. They... 

Energy, 02one Benefits, and Avoided Peak Power of Cooler Roofs, Pavements, and Trees in Los Angeles Basin... 

TFSA molecules have been extensively and successfully used as steam additives in cyclic steam operations(27-32). Recently, results of a TFSA-waterflood which was conducted in West Texas were reported(33). The purpose of the work described in this paper was to further evaluate the feasibility of recovering incremental oil in a mature waterflood by injection of surfactants which change the wettability of reservoir rock surfaces. In this paper, we present the results of laboratory studies with Thin Film Spreading Agents and the results of a carefully conducted TFSA-waterflood pilot in the Torrance Field located in the Los Angeles Basin of California. 

TFSA-WATERFLOOD PILOT. A 36 acre (1.14 x lO m2) TFSA-waterflood pilot was recently conducted in the Torrance Field in the Los Angeles Basin of Southern California. To characterize the fluid floi patterns within the pilot, an interwell chemical tracer study was conducted with sodium thiocyanate. Results of the tracer study are shown in Table IV. Only 61.6 % of the injected tracer was recovered in the produced fluids, indicating that as much as 38.4 % of the injected fluids were flowing out of the pattern. Furthermore, since only 1604 bbl/d (255 m3/d) of brine was injected into the pattern, as much as 75.9 % of the total fluids produced by pilot wells were from outside the pattern. 

Clementz, D.M., Patterson, D.E., Aseltine, R.J., and Young, R.E. "Stimulation of Water Injection Wells in the Los Angeles Basin Using Sodium Hypochlorite and Mineral Acids," SPE paper 10624, 1982 SPE International Symposium on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry, Dallas, January 25-27. 

Hering, S. V., and S. K. Friedlander, Origins of Aerosol Sulfur Size Distributions in the Los Angeles Basin, Atmos. Environ 11 2647-2656 (1982). 

Testa, S. M., Henry, E. C., and Hayes, D., 1988, Impact of the Newport-Inglewood Structural Zone on Hydrogeologic Mitigation Efforts — Los Angeles Basin, California In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association FOCUS Conference on Southwestern Groundwater Issues, pp. 181-203. 

Measurements of 7l in fhe atmosphere are extremely difficult to perform and it is difficult to establish when t > Ti holds for urban scale flows. Csanady (1973) indicates that a typical eddy which is generated by shear flow near the ground has a Lagrangian time scale of the order of 100 sec. Lamb and Neiburger (1971), in a series of measurements in the Los Angeles Basin, estimated the Eulerian time scale to be 50 sec. In a discussion of some field experiments, Lumley and Panofsky (1964) suggested that Tl < 4Te If the averaging interval is selected to be equal to the travel time, then an approximate value for Kyy can be deduced from the measurements of Willis and Deardorff (1976). Their data indicate that for unstable conditions (L > 0) and a travel time t = 3zi/w,... 

Figure 1-6 Relative Emissions of PAFC Fuel Cell Power Plants Compared to Stringent Los Angeles Basin Requirements...

TABLE 4-13 Number of Days on Which State Standard 1-Hour Average of 0.10 ppm for Total Oxidant was Equaled or Exceeded in Los Angeles Basin ... 

TABLE 4 14 Number of Days on Which Eye Irritation Was Recorded in Los Angeles Basin Year... 

Edinger, J. G. Vertical distribution of photochemical smog in Los Angeles basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7 247-252. 1973. 

Scott Research Laboratories, Inc. 1969 Atmospheric Reaction Studies in the Los Angeles Basin. Vol. 1. Program Design and Methodology. Data Summary and Discussion. Fmal Report. Plumsteadville, Pa. Scott Research Laboratories, Inc., 1970. 1113 pp.l... 

Ulbrich, E. A. A predictive air pollution control for the Los Angeles basin. Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci. 1 423-440, 1968. 

A variety of methods have been used to assess a relationship between mortality from chronic illness and photochemical-oxidant pollution, but none has been able to demonstrate a clear-cut relationship. The possibility of a ergistic effect has not been ruled out, although the experience of areas other than the Los Angeles basin with lower concentrations of photochemical-oxidant pollution suggests that temperature is an overwhelming factor in these deaths. 

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