General anesthetics anesthesia

As a primary anesthetic for induction of anesthesia in general surgery when endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are required. 

In adult horses, propofol induction is undesirable without prior sedation (Mama et al 1995). Even with an adequate level of sedation provided by an 2 agonist, induction with propofol is not always smooth. The incorporation of guaifenesin in the induction protocol prior to administration of propofol markedly improves the quality of anesthetic induction (Aguiar et al 1993). Recoveries from propofol-based anesthesia are generally good. The dose rate recommended for anesthetic induction with propofol is 2mg/kg i.v. after premedication with xylazine (0.5mg/kg i.v.) or detomidine (0.015 mg/kg) followed by administration of guaifenesin (50-100 mg/kg i.v.) until muscle relaxation and ataxia are evident. Maintenance... 

Indications Epidural and general anesthesia Category Anesthetic, general Opiate agonist Half-life 152 minutes... 

Hodgscm PS, Liu SS, Gras TW. Does epidural anesthesia have general anesthetic effects es0iesiology( 999)9, 1687-92... 

There are three major categories of anesthesia provided to patients (1) general anesthesia, (2) conduction anesthesia, and (3) monitored anesthesia care. General anesthesia typically includes the intravenous injection of anesthetic drugs (hypnotics such as propofol) that render the patient unconscious, followed by delivery of inhalation anesthetic drugs, intravenous analgesics, and often drugs that paralyze skeletal... 

Manually restrain mouse and apply one drop of topical ophthalmic anesthetic, such as proparacaine or tetracaine, on the eye. An alternative to topical anesthesia is general anesthesia (e.g., ketamine/xylazine). 

The membrane enzyme luciferase, responsible for light emission in fireflies, is sensitive to anesthetics (20,21), and the concentrations of inhalational agents which inhibit luciferase are the same as those which cause general anesthesia. Studies of various classes of inhalational agents and luciferase demonstrated that above a certain chain length in a homologous series, a point is reached where higher members are not anesthetic. The same cut-off effect in efficacy is observed in anesthesia (22). This effect is not explainable by Hpid theory. 

The total U.S. market value for the anesthetic agents Hsted was 299.9 million ia 1990 (162). General inhalation agents, valued at 154.5 million, comprised over half (51.5%) of the 1990 market. General iv anesthetics were valued at 111.5 million (37.2%). Local iajectable agents, at 33.9 million, represented the smallest portion of the market (11.3%). U.S. sales for selected anesthesia pharmaceuticals are given ia Table 6. 

It must be remembered that all anesthetics and tranquilizers are used by the practitioner following a risk—benefit evaluation. General anesthesia, even being adininistered by an experienced practitioner, can result in death through cardiac or respiratory depression. The veterinarian is acutely aware of these risks and chooses the dmg and method of adininistration considering the patient s health status, the nature of and need for the procedure, and the likelihood of success. 

The anesthesiologist selects the anesthetic drug that will produce safe anesthesia, analgesia (absence of pain), and in some surgeries, effective skeletal muscle relaxation. General anesthesia is most commonly achieved when the anesthetic vapors are inhaled or administered intravenously (IV). Volatile liquid anesthetics produce anesthesia when their vapors are inhaled. Volatile liquids are liquids that evaporate on exposure to air. Examples of volatile liquids include halothane, desflurane, and enflurane. Gas anesthetics are combined with oxygen and administered by inhalation. Examples of gas anesthetics are nitrous oxide and cyclopropane. 

Ketamine (Ketalar) is a rapid-acting general anesthetic. It produces an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, normal or enhanced skeletal muscle tone, and occasionally mild respiratory depression. Ketamine is used for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require relaxation of skeletal muscles, for induction of anesthesia before the administration of other anesthetic drugp, and as a supplement to other anesthetic drags. 

It has been generally accepted that anesthetics interact with membrane lipids as a primary step of anesthesia. The detailed mechanism of the anesthetic action is, however, still controversial. This is mainly due to the absence of specific information on delivery sites in membranes. The NMR data for the delivery site of drugs in membranes are of great use. 

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