Specific rotation, and

Capillary gc/ms, hplc, nmr, ir, and uv are all analytical methods used by the terpene chemist with a good Hbrary of reference spectra, capillary gc/ms is probably the most important method used in dealing with the more volatile terpenes used in the davor and fragrance industry (see Flavors and spices). The physical properties of density, refractive index, boiling point, melting point of derivatives, and specific rotation are used less frequendy but are important in defining product specifications. 

Chondrodendron polyanthum, 371 Chondrodendron tomentosum, 363, 371, 373, 377, 391 alkaloids, 376 Chondrodine, 363, 364 Chondrofoline, 364, 365 Chrycentrine, 172, 313 Chiysanthemine, 773 Chrysanthemum cineraricefoHum, 773 Chuchuara, 781 Chuehuhuasha, 781 Cicuta virosa, 13 Cinchamidine, 419, 429 Cinchene, 439 Cinchenine, 438, 439, 440 apoCinchenine, 440, 441 Cincholoipon, 438 Cincholoiponic acid, 438, 443 Cinchomeronic acid, 183 Cinchona alkaloid structure, synthesis, 457 Cinchona alkaloids, bactericidal action of some derivatives, 478 centres of asymmetry, 445 constitution, 435 formulae and characters of transformation products, 449, 451 general formula, 443 hydroxydihydro-bases, 448, 452-4 melting-points and specific rotations, 446... 

It yields a liquid hydrobromide of specific gravity 0 988 and specific rotation — 11° 15. ... 

The specific gravity, refractive index, and specific rotation given above are those recorded by Paolini and Divizia and are probably accurate since the a-santalol was prepared by regeneration from its strychnine phthalate. The values recorded for commercial santalol, prepared by fractional distillation, are as follows, and are the average values for the mixed santalols as they occur in sandalwood oil... 

Secalin. Secalin has been isolated from the stems of unripe rye.46,68 Schlubach and Bandmann69 studied its structure. The great difficulty they encountered in obtaining the polysaccharide and its acetate in homogeneous form made the determination of physical properties uncertain. However, by hydrolysis of the methyl derivative, they obtained, after separation by means of the /3-naphthoates, tetramethyl-, trimethyl-, and dimethyl-D-fructoses in the proportions of 1 2 1. The trimethyl-D-fructose was identified as 1,3,4-trimethyl-D-fructofura-nose by its melting point and specific rotation. 

Crystalline form, color and specific rotation Solubility ... 

Define plane-polarized light, optical rotation, optical activity, asymmetric carbon atom, enantiomers, racemic mixture, polarimeter, and specific rotation. 

Aminoallenes constitute an important class of functionalized allenes with interesting chemical properties. They are known as attractive substrates for constructing three- to six-membered azacycles [78]. In 1999, Ohno and co-workers reported the stereoselective synthesis of chiral a-aminoallenes 179 and 181 by RCu(CN)M-medi-ated anti-SN2 substitution of chiral 2-ethynylaziridines 178 and 180 (Scheme 4.47) [79]. The X-ray data and specific rotations of the allenes were consistent with a net anti-S- 2 substitution reaction. 

K. Sandera, Chem. histy, 88, 139 (1939) Chem. Abstracts, 88, 6252 (1939). This article quotes earlier melting points and specific rotations. 

In Table II are given the melting point, boiling point, and specific rotation of the 2,5-anhydrides of sugars, alditols, and aldonic acids that have thus far been studied. 

Chitin is classically a linear polymer of /3-d-(1 - 4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl residues. However, after comparing chitin isolated from different sources, it became evident that substantial variations in solubility, molecular weight, acetyl values, and specific rotation occur among samples. It would appear that chitin is not a single, polymeric entity, but rather, a family of closely related products derived from natural chitin-protein complexes.209... 

Yields, melting points, and specific rotations of nitrodiol monoacetates which were prepared by procedure C described above by using PLE-powder2 instead of purified enzyme. Entries 1 and 3 in Table 1 refer to runs following the above procedure, for all other cases the self made crude PLE-powder was used. The configuration and the sense of chirality of the products of entries 1,3 and 4 were determined by x-ray crystal structure analysis of the camphanic esters, those of the other are inferred by analogy and by NMR comparison. The open chain compounds (entries 1 and 2) were obtained using TES buffer at pH 6.5... 

Carbodiimide Polymers An optically active carbodiimide, (/ )-152 ([a]365 +7.6°), gives a polymer by polymerization using a titanium (IV) isopropoxide catalyst (Scheme 11.9) [203], The polymer showed optical activity essentially identical to the monomer however, on heating, the polymer indicated mutarotation and specific rotation reached a plateau value of [a]363 -157.5°, which is considered to be based on excess helical sense of the main chain. The mutarotation has been ascribed to a conformational transition from a kinetically controlled one to a thermodynamically controlled one. Excess single-handed helical conformation can be induced for polyfdi-/ -hexyl carbodiimide) by protonating the polymer with chiral camphorsul-fonic acid. 

Sensors for the detection of enantiomers are of great interest, as so far the on-line monitoring of production processes and medical diagnostics using standard chemical analytical methods is not possible. Quite often only one enantiomer of a chiral compound is actually a bioactive therapeutic. Therefore a proper analysis of the final product is essential. Currently, this involves separation techniques like liquid chromatography, GC and capillary electrophoresis, and determination of enantiomeric purity with circular dichro-ism and specific rotation. These are all off-line procedures and therefore no real-time analysis can be performed. Sensing devices for the distinction of different enantiomers would be a much cheaper, faster and easier-to-use alternative for this task, amenable to automation. 

TABLE 24.1. Yields and specific rotation of intermediate adducts (R)-13 and (S)-14. 

TABLE 24.2. Yields and specific rotation of batyl alcohol (S)-5 (—C18H37 alkyl group at sn-1), its monoacyl adduct (R)-5c (MCI A = —C<,II at sn-3), and diacyl ALM type structured ether lipid final product (R)-8c (MCFAi = —1C9H19 at sn-3 EPA at sn-2). 

TABLE 24.3. Yields and specific rotation of 13-DAG adducts (S)-15a-15h (MCFAi... 

TABLE 24.4. Yields and specific rotation of TAG products (S)-16a-16h (MCFAx = —C17H35 at sw-1). 

By the time the clinical program has entered phase 3, the sponsor should provide a full description of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the drug substance. For example, most of the following should be evaluated and submitted solubility and partition coefficient, pKa, hygroscopicity, crystal properties/morphology, thermal evaluation, X-ray diffraction, particle size, melting point, and specific rotation stereochemical consideration. Proof... 

Phenyl-6-nitroBIPS was easily resolved (at the 3 -carbon atom, not the 2 -spiro position) by reaction in ethanol with either (+) or (-) 10-camphorsulfonic acid. The first fraction to crystallize in each case was the salt of the open form. Both salts had a mp of 237°C and their solutions, after standing to thermally equilibrate at the 2 -carbon atom, showed equal but opposite rotations, [oc]d25 = -201° for the salt from the (+) sulfonic acid and +201° for the salt from the (-) acid. After treatment of these salts with aqueous sodium acetate and benzene, the respective spiropyrans, having melting points of 201-202°C and specific rotations of -11° and +11° for thermally equilibrated solutions, were recovered from the benzene extract. Similar attempts to resolve several other 3 -phenylBIPS with the camphorsulfonic or 3-bromocamphor-8-sulfonic acids were only pardy successful.7... 

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