And ice friction

ICE ADHESION AND ICE FRICTION MODIFICATION USING PULSED THERMAL POWER... 

S.C. Colbeck, Bibliography on Snow and Ice Friction, US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 93-6, 1993, 18. 

Another area of much interest is the adhesion of ice to solids. This system is obviously of much interest in general everyday phenomena (tire friction on road surfaces, ice on metal surfaces, ships, etc.). Especially of interest is the adhesion of ice on ships sailing in the cold areas, and on wings of airplanes. Investigations have shown that the adhesive bonds between clean metal surface and ice are very strong. When the ice is removed by force, it breaks, leaving a thin layer of ice on the solid layer. 

Friction on snow and ice and the development of some fast-running skiis. Nature (London) 176, 946-947 (1955). 

It was also found that a technique similar to PETD technique applied to an ice-slider interface can increase static and low-velocity ice friction up to one hundred times [3]. The method was tested on cross-country skis, non-slip shoes, and prototypes of automotive tires. The method was named Pulse Electro-Thermal Brake (PETB). 

V. F. Petrenko, System and method for modifying friction between an object and ice/snow. US Patent 7, 034, 257, April 25 2006. 

SPEEDSKATE ICE FRICTION REVIEW AND NUMERICAL MODEL - FAST 1.0... 

A valuable resource is Colbeck s bibliography, which lists 192 references on ice friction, dating from 1900 to 1991. Nevertheless, Colbeck has overlooked some significant work such as Fitz et al., and he lists no publications for the past fifteen years. Rosenberg traces published scientific interest in ice slipperiness and ice adhesion as far back as W. and J.J. Thomson in the 1850 s and Michael Faraday in 1859, and there are trails leading back to Rene Descartes in the 1630 s. ... 

Over the past two decades, there have also been theoretical and experimental advances related to ice friction in other contexts. Some of these have the potential to be imported into a... 

We begin by considering the blade-ice contact area. We then formulate the ploughing and shear stress forces, which together comprise the ice friction. Next, we posit the lubrication equation and solve it using finite-differences. Finally, we validate the model results against experimental data and show some additional model predictions. 

Figure 4 Effect of ice temperature and skating velocity on coefficient of kinetic ice friction...

Under conditions typical of competitive speedskating, frictional melting, squeeze flow and heat conduction into the ice all play an important role in determining skate blade lubrication. Pressure-induced freezing point depression and the quasi-liquid layer are accounted for in the model, but they play only a minor role in determining the kinetic ice friction coefficient. 

Because of the complex nature of the temperature and velocity dependence of the kinetic ice friction coefficient, it is important to measure ice friction under conditions that are as close as possible to those where the data will be applied. It is inadvisable to apply or extrapolate measurements and inferences made at low velocities to skating at much higher velocities. 

Future improvements to FAST will include accounting for more realistic skating biomechanics and application to skeleton and bobsled ice friction. FAST could be a useful vehicle for developing and testing new ideas to improve performance by reducing ice friction. 

ION. Maeno and M. Arakawa, Adhesion shear theoiy of ice friction at low sliding velocities, combined with ice sintering. Journal of Applied Physics, 2004, 95, 134. 

B.A. Marmo, and J.R. Blackford. Ice friction in the.sport of curling. Proceedings 5 International Sports Engineering Conference. Davis. Cali font ia, 2004. 

Unlike the cooked corn flour in the first part of this experiment, the starch polymer remains trapped in the starch granules and the fluid is a concentrated suspension rather than a polymer solution. When the suspension is sheared gently a layer of water between the starch granules lubricates their flow past each other. However, fast deformation forces the water out from between the granules so there is much greater friction between them and they cannot flow. Quicksand behaves in a similar manner. Ice cream mixes, the matrix and ice cream itself are all shear-thinning if these were shear-thickening like the concentrated custard powder suspension, ice cream would be impossible to process, and would become solid every time you tried to chew it ... 

Friction has limits, however. Friction will prevent motion until forces exceed the coefficient of friction. Because friction causes wear, many situations require lubricants to reduce friction and wear. Some substances become lubricants. Water, snow and ice, oils, greases, soaps, plastics, dusts, and materials with high moisture may reduce friction in locations where high friction is desirable. Examples are floors and other walking or climbing surfaces. 

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