And activity effects

For a review of directing and activating effects of CsN and C=C groups, see Charton, M. in Patai Rappoport. The Chemistry of Functional Groups, Supplement C, pt. 1 Wiley NY,... 

Dunbar I.F. and Beach F.A. (1980). Developmental and activational effects of sex hormones on the attractiveness of dog urine. Physiol Behav 24, 201-204. 

While iso-enzymes show regular variations in their molecular structure, it is the difference in their catalytic activity that is most significant. They often show different inhibition and activation effects, permitting one iso-enzyme to function under conditions that would reduce the activity of another and it is likely that such variations aid the control of the same reaction under different cellular or tissue conditions. 

Grainger (G20) reports that Lp(a) promotes proliferation of human smooth muscle cells by inhibition of the activation of plasminogen and activating effect of plasmin on latent transforming growth factor-(3. 

We turn now to the historical background to the effects of nitro and amino groups in aromatic systems. It would be appropriate to mention here that there have been several articles pertinent to these topics in earlier volumes of the Series. In 1968 Chuchani contributed a chapter on the directing and activating effects of the amino group and related groups32, with over 340 references. In 1970 Urbahski reviewed the directing effects of... 

On the other hand, if the deactivation is concentration dependent, or m 0, then the concentration and activity effects do not decouple and analysis becomes difficult unless the proper experimental device is used, one deliberately chosen so as to decouple these factors. Reactors which keep constant by slowing the flow rate of feed, as treated above, are such devices. They can be used to find the rate constants for the reactions... 

How was this development reflected by the theory of catalysis on alloys An early and very important paper (9) discussed the selectivity and activity effects fully in terms of the old electronic theory of catalysis. Another paper (5), which appeared simultaneously with (9), turned attention to the fact that one must also consider effects other than only the changes in the electronic structure. The results on alloys should be rationalized on the basis of two aspects of alloying (5) ... 

Charton, M. The Directing and Activating Effects of Triply Bonded Groups, in The Chemistry of Functional Groups, Supplement C. (ed. Patai, S., Rappaport, Z.) Wiley, New York, p. 269... 

An account of directing and activating effects of doubly bonded groups was previously contributed to the series by Marvin Charton8. This article notes the paucity of experimental information for C=N and C=S groups. 

Many aspects of the characteristics of the double-bonded functional groups have been reviewed in an impressive series of treatises, published over a period of more than 30 years. These reviews cover mostly the physicochemical aspects of double bonds electrophilic additions to carbon-carbon double bonds1, directing and activating effects of doubly bonded groups2 etc. 

Supramolecular catalysis can involve passive effects such as the confining of two reactive molecules within a cavity and active effects where the catalyst interacts with the substrate via an active site. The active site may be metal-based as in other kinds of homogeneous catalyst based on transition metals or Lewis acids, or my involve interactions such as hydrogen bonding to bring about both polarisation of the reactants and their mutual spatial organisation. 

II. The Nature and Activating Effect of Neighboring-group Participation in Reactions at the Lactol Carbon Atom. 

Cartier, P., Chilliard, Y., Paquet, D. 1990. Inhibiting and activating effects of skim milks and proteose-peptone fractions on spontaneous lipolysis and purified lipoprotein lipase activity in bovine milk. J. Dairy Sci. 73, 1173-1177. 

Cunningham CL, Niehus DR, Malott DH, Prather LK (1992) Genetic differences in the rewarding and activating effects of morphine and ethanol. Psychophamlacol 707 385-393. 

Direct measurements of the potential of the ferric-ferrous system have also been made after allowuig for hydrolysis and activity effects, the standard potential at 25 was found to be 0.772 volt, but so many corrections were involved in arriving at this result that the value based on equilibrium measurements is probably more accurate. ... 

II. THE DIRECTING AND ACTIVATING EFFECTS OF THE AZIDO GROUP IN SUSSTITUTION REACTIONS... 

Information concerning the directing and activating effects of the azido group on nucleophilic substitution is scarce but from the existing evidence it has been suggested that in iS Ar reactions the azido substituent is activating to /ara-substitution Nevertheless, the... 

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