Anaplastic thyroid

Figure 7. Gamma-camera views of a human subject with anaplastic thyroid cancer taken 24 h after intravenous injection of 25 nanomoles (2 mCi) of luln-BLEDTA. Arrows indicate metastases to the soft tissue of the face and lungs (18).

Ordonez NG, El-Naggar AK, Hickey RC, Samaan NA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Immunocytochemical study of 32 cases. Am Clin Pathol. 1991 96 15-24. 

Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas of the insular type are usually TGB positive, although the extent of cellular staining is generally weak and focal.Undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinomas are most commonly negative for TGB. In the series reported by... 

Antibodies to T3 and T4 have been used less extensively than TGB in studies of thyroid carcinoma. Kawaoi and coworkers reported T4 positivity in 95% of papillary carcinomas and 54% of follicular carcinomas but in no cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. T3 was present in 66% of papillary carcinomas, 81% of follicular carcinomas, and 45% of anaplastic carcinomas. The significance of T3 staining in the absence of T4 immunoreactivity, however, is unknown. In addition to thyroglobulin, T3, and T4, thyroid peroxidase has also been used for studies of thyroid tumors. ... 

Vimentin is coexpressed with cytokeratins in the vast majority of normal and neoplastic thyroids. In the series of Miettinen and colleagues, follicular and papillary tumors expressed vimentin in more than 50% of the tumor cells. Immunoreactivity for vimentin was generally present in the basal portions of the cells in contrast to the more diffuse cytoplasmic reactivity for cytokera-tins. Vimentin immunoreactivity has been reported in 94% of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. 

Carcangiu ML, Zampi G, Rosai J. Poorly differentiated ( insular ) thyroid carcinoma A reinterpretation of Langhans wuchernde Struma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984 8 655-668. Ordonez NG, El-Naggar AK, Hickey RC, Samaan NA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma Immunocytochemical study of 32 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991 96 15-24. 

Carcangiu ML, Steeper T, Zampi G, Rosai J. Anaplastic thyroid cancer A study of 70 cases. Am I Clin Pathol. I985 83 I35-I58. 

Wiseman SM, Griffith OL, Deen S, et al. Identification of molecular markers altered dtrring transformation of differentiated into anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Arch Surg. 2007 142 717-729. 

Smallridge R, Marlow L, Copland J. Anaplastic thyroid cancer Molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008 (epub). 

Hwang J. H., Hwang J. H., Chung H. K., et al. (2003) CXC chemokine receptor 4 expression and function in human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 88, 408-16. 

More than 70% of differentiated thyroid cancer concentrates radioiodine after TSH stimulation (Robbins et al., 1991 Jarzab et al., 2003). Some differentiated thyroid cancer (approximately 10-20%), as well as anaplastic thyroid cancer, however, do not concentrate radioiodide, even after TSH stimulation (Robbins et al., 1991). Since almost all differentiated thyroid cancer expresses TSHR (Brabant et al, 1991), the absence of NIS induction in response to TSH is most likely due to defects in postreceptor signaling pathways. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential for NIS induction in poorly differentiated thyroid cancer by redifferentiation agents, such as nuclear receptor ligands, RA and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR ) ligands, and inhibitors of epigenetic modifications. 

E. Follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancer E. Papillary thyroid cancer ... 

Iodine prophylaxis has also affected the frequency and type of thyroid cancers. Following its introduction, a decrease was noted in the number of cases of folhcular and anaplastic thyroid cancer. At the same time, an increase in diagnoses of papillary thyroid cancer was found. Similar changes were observed in other countries, where the effects of iodine deficiency were eliminated (Zonenberg et al, 2006). An additional association between iodine supply and decrease in the incidence of stomach cancer has been observed however, further studies are necessary (Gofkowski et al, 2007). 

In contrast to the overall incidence of thyroid cancer, the types of cancer change if an area goes from an IDA to an ISA. In ISAs anaplastic thyroid cancer is rare and the main type of DTC is papillary thyroid cancer. The ratio between papillary and follicular thyroid cancer ranges from 6.5 to... 

Lim YC, Cha YY (2011) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through suppression of EGFR/ERK pathway and cyclin Bl/CDKl complex. J Surg Oncol 104 776-780... 

Patel, P., N. Yu, X., M. Jaskula, Sztul., R. and Chen H. 2014. Hesperetin Activates the Notchl Signaling Cascade, Causes Apoptosis, and Induces Cellular Differentiation in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Ann Surg Oncol. Odi. 

The thyroid gland is an organ at the base of the throat that produces hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight. The four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancers, based on how the cancer cells appear under a miaosotpe (National Cancer Institute, 2015b). 

Bravo, S.B., Garcia-Rendueles, M.E.R., Seoane, R., Dosil, V., Cameselle-Teijeiro, J., Lopez-Lazaro, L., Zalvide, J., Barreiro, F., Pombo, C.M., and Alvarez, C.V. (2005) Plitidepsin has a cytostatic effect in human undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res., 11, 7664-7673. 

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