Analytical terminology

Codex Alimentarius Commission (1997) ALINORM 97/23A, Appendix III Analytical terminology for codex use... 

Most of these terms have clear and specific definitions, many of which are found in guidance documents from 1UPAC and referenced in other documents, including CAC/GL 72-2009, the guideline on analytical terminology issued by the CAC in 2009. When available, an... 

Compendium of Analytical Terminology, 3rd ed. (The Orange Book), International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997 (available at http //old.iupac.org/publications/analytical compendium/ accessed 3/10/10). 

CAC/GL 72-2009, Guidelines on Analytical Terminology, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program, 2009 (available at http //www. codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/11357/ cxg 072e.pdf accessed 1/28/10). 

Analytical chemists converse using terminology that conveys specific meaning to other analytical chemists. To discuss and learn analytical chemistry you must first understand its language. You are probably already familiar with some analytical terms, such as "accuracy and "precision, but you may not have placed them in their appropriate analytical context. Other terms, such as "analyte and "matrix, may be less familiar. This chapter introduces many important terms routinely used by analytical chemists. Becoming comfortable with these terms will make the material in the chapters that follow easier to read and understand. 

Every discipline has its own terminology. Your success in studying analytical chemistry will improve if you master the language used by analytical chemists. Be sure that you understand the difference between an analyte and its matrix, a technique and a method, a procedure and a protocol, and a total analysis technique and a concentration technique. 

The textbook s organization can be divided into four parts. Chapters 1-3 serve as an introduction, providing an overview of analytical chemistry (Chapter 1) a review of the basic tools of analytical chemistry, including significant figures, units, and stoichiometry (Chapter 2) and an introduction to the terminology used by analytical chemists (Chapter 3). Familiarity with the material in these chapters is assumed throughout the remainder of the text. 

A number of glossaries of terms and symbols used in the several branches of chemistry have been pubHshed. They include physical chemistry (102), physical—organic chemistry (103), and chemical terminology (other than nomenclature) treated in its entirety (104). lUPAC has also issued recommendations in the fields of analytical chemistry (105), coUoid and surface chemistry (106), ion exchange (107), and spectroscopy (108), among others. 

Dietary fiber is the accepted terminology ia the United States for nutritional labeling. Total dietary fiber (I DF) and its subfractions, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF), are defined analytically by official methods (3—5). 

GLl Validation definitions Validation of analytical procedures definition and terminology... 

It must be remarked that terminology is not consistent and there are many widely used synon)ms. Quality control in this Chapter refers to practices best described as internal quality control. Quahty assessment is often referred to as external quality control, proficiency testing, interlaboratory comparisons, round robins or other terms. Internal Quality Control and External Quality Assessment are preferred because they best describe the objectives for which the RMs are being used, i.e. the immediate and active control of the results being reported from an analytical run or event, and an objective, retrospective assessment of the quality of those results. 

ICH Guideline (1994) Validation of analytical methods (Definition and Terminology). IFPMA, Geneva. 

International Conference on Harmonization, Guideline on validation of analytical procedures definition and terminology, Fed. Reg., 60(40), 11260 (1995). 

Without a solution, formulated mathematical systems (models) are of little value. Four solution procedures are mainly followed the analytical, the numerical (e.g., finite different, finite element), the statistical, and the iterative. Numerical techniques have been standard practice in soil quality modeling. Analytical techniques are usually employed for simplified and idealized situations. Statistical techniques have academic respect, and iterative solutions are developed for specialized cases. Both the simulation and the analytic models can employ numerical solution procedures for their equations. Although the above terminology is not standard in the literature, it has been used here as a means of outlining some of the concepts of modeling. 

Prichard, E, Green, J, Houlgate, P, Miller, J, Newman, E, Phillips, G, Rowley, A (2001) Analytical measurement terminology - handbook of terms used in quality assurance of analytical measurement. LGC, Teddington, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge... 

ICH (1994) ICH Topic Q2A (ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline) Validation of analytical methods Definitions and terminology (CPMP/ICH/381/95), ICH, London... 

Note that some organizations may not use the terminology used in this book and may not distinguish between SOPs and WIs. Standard Operating Procedures provide details of how a series of operations are carried out. An example of a SOP would be the detailed instruction for carrying out a particular analytical method. Work Instructions give details of how a specific operation is carried out. What might be classed as a WI is how to operate a particular instrument, how to estimate measurement uncertainty or how to calibrate a piece of equipment. 

Prichard, E., Analytical Measurement Terminology, ISBN 0-85404-443-4, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 2001. 

An introductory manual that explains the basic concepts of chemistry behind scientific analytical techniques and that reviews their application to archaeology. It explains key terminology, outlines the procedures to be followed in order to produce good data, and describes the function of the basic instrumentation required to carry out those procedures. The manual contains chapters on the basic chemistry and physics necessary to understand the techniques used in analytical chemistry, with more detailed chapters on atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each chapter describes the operation of the instruments, some hints on the practicalities, and a review of the application of the technique to archaeology, including some case studies. With guides to further reading on the topic, it is an essential tool for practitioners, researchers, and advanced students alike. 

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