Analytical results, reporting

Two reports (8,9) have shown potential applications for ICAP analysis in health and related areas. The data presented in the extensive report by Dahlquist (10) also supports this viewpoint. While only one specific example is presented for health-related specimens in this chapter, an implied general area of potential application is intended. Human lung, brain, heart, hair, and blood specimens have been analyzed in this laboratory but the nature of this work must remain undisclosed at this time. Other samples which have been successfully analyzed by ICAP but do not bear a detailed discussion in this report include herring gull egg shells, egg contents and whole body homogenates, rat bodies, pet food, mollusks, wheat straw and grain, tree seeds, and various legumes. The analytical results reported here, where possible, are compared with certified values or values obtained by other analytical techniques. In a few examples, however, the data are presented to demonstrate a trend in these instances values are for information only as no reference data are available by alternate techniques. 

Hydrodynamically Developing Flow. Shah and London [1] have reviewed and compared several analytical and experimental investigations of hydrodynamically developing flow in rectangular ducts. They concluded that the numerical results reported by Curr et al. [158] and the analytical results reported by Tachibana and Iemoto [159] best fit the experimental data. The apparent friction factors obtained by Curr et al. [158] are shown in Fig. 5.25. 

S04 see Conservative Elements). The analytical results reported by W. Dittmar in 1884 for waters collected during the British RMS Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) from the world s oceans were almost the same as today s values. The constancy of major chemical composition has led oceanographers to define salinity as a fundamental property together with temperature to calculate the density of sea water. It was routine for classic physical oceanographers to titrate sea water for chloride (plus bromide) ion with silver nitrate standard solution, until the mid 1960s when salinity could be determined more practically by measurement of conductivity. 

The guidelines above set out to help ensure the reliability of analytical results reported when compliance with maximum residue limits was monitored in international trade. These guidelines were essentially split into three parts and dealt with the analyst, basic resources required in the laboratory (including equipment and supplies), and the analysis. Chapter 8 of this volume discusses the validation requirements for analytical methods in detail, so this will not be covered in this chapter. However, it is worth discussing the importance of the analyst and the basic resources in more detail here. 

First, the Corps of Engineers Final Report of Analytical Results ( Report ) was dated May 8, 2002. Relevant data from this report was transmitted to only one of the property owners, 48th Street, on or about January 14, 2003. The property owner transmitted his portion of the data to the District of Columbia Department of Health on January 23, 2003. At the partnering meeting on January 29, 2003, the District expressed concern over the delay and means of obtaining even a portion of the Report. Also, concern was expressed over the more important delay in notifying the four property owners. 

The preparation and analytical results of semipolar organoboron compounds containing Cl or P were reported and the surface activity and fireproofing mechanism of these substances were described [283]. 

It is interesting to note that there have been very few specific analytical applications reported, which demonstrate that super-critical chromatography gives results superior to either gas chromatography or liquid chromatography alone. As a consequence, considering the added complexity of the super-critical chromatograph, its value in analytical chemistry must be considered questionable. 

Such a behavior agrees with results reported by Agostini et a. (2008). It was found that the elongated bubble velocity increased with increasing bubble length until a plateau was reached. An analytical model has been proposed that is able to predict this trend. 

The applicants will submit the reports of the final sampling and the analytical result to MAFF. The final sampling report must contain the following items ... 

External review is of major importance in ensuring the outcome and reportability of LSMBS study results. Additional experts have the opportunity to review the data and results just after their generation, at a point where corrections can be easily proposed and made. In addition, external review aids in achieving consistency in the results reported by different laboratories. Finally, external review provides feedback for optimization of the analytical and instrumental parameters at each laboratory. 

The conventional analytical process is comprised of sampling — sample preparation —> analysis —> calculation —> approval of results — report — decision.93 The introduction of productivity measurements to focus attention on continuous improvement and improving the reliability of assays to eliminate re-analysis can aid in re-engineering the process for greater efficiency.93 Automation is another important aspect of improving efficiency.94 The rate-limiting steps in many industrial laboratories, however, may precede or... 

Regardless of whether quantitative results of element or structure analysis are the matter of evaluation, analytical results have to be reported always in the form... 

In many cases, when no extreme results (near a given limit) have been obtained, the analytical results may be reported as represented in Sect. 8.1. Attention has to be paid when results are situated nearby of critical values as it is the case with limit values of all type, especially detection limits and reference values. 

Formally, an analytical result x,- can be calculated from y, by means of the corresponding calibration function. When this result (from repeated measurements) should be reported, it must be taken into account that the relative uncertainty amounts minimally 100% (see Sect. 7.5, item (1) p. 201) and, therefore, it holds that (x x)- That means, that the uncertainty interval of analytical results calculated from measured values nearby the critical value covers a range of about 0... 2x. As additional information, the limit of quantification, xLq, should be given. 

The uncertainty of the results between the detection limit and the limit of quantification decreases continuously up to the precision set in advance by the precision factor k. In reaching and exceeding the quantification limit, analytical results can be reported as usual see Sect. 8.1. 

The Data Reduction Function provides online reports of analytical results immediately after the analysis is complete, but we also provide direct access to this function for the user who wants to reduce his data In a different way. 

In addition, for reporting a routine analytical result, the result should include its confidence interval CF [28], or with same meaning term, uncertainty C/ [29] or standard certainty STC [48]. The result should be reported as ... 

The analytical results for each sample can again be pooled into a table of precision and accuracy estimates for all values reported for any individual sample. The pooled results for Tables 34-7 and 34-8 are calculated using equations 34-1 and 34-2 where precision is the root mean square deviation of all replicate analyses for any particular sample, and where accuracy is determined as the root mean square deviation between individual results and the Grand Mean of all the individual sample results (Table 34-7) or as the root mean square deviation between individual results and the True (Spiked) value for all the individual sample results (Table 34-8). The use of spiked samples allows a better comparison of precision to accuracy, as the spiked samples include the effects of systematic errors, whereas use of the Grand Mean averages the systematic errors across methods and shifts the apparent true value to include the systematic error. Table 34-8 yields a better estimate of the true precision and accuracy for the methods tested. 

Table 35-1 illustrates the ANOVA results for each individual sample in our hypothetical study. This test indicates whether any of the reported results from the analytical methods or locations is significantly different from the others. From the table it can be observed that statistically significant variation in the reported analytical results is to be expected based on these data. However, there is no apparent pattern in the method or location most often varying from the others. Thus, this statistical test is inconclusive and further investigation is warranted. 

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