Analytical atomic absorption

Van Loon, J. C. Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Academic Press New York, 1980. 

Multi-element AAS has been reviewed [112], as well as ETAAS [104] and instrumental aspects of GFAAS [113]. Various monographs on analytical atomic absorption spectrometry are available [52,96,114,115], and on GFAAS [116] and ETAAS [117] more in particular. 

Price, W. J. (1972). Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. London, Heyden. 

Loon Van, J.C. Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Selected Methods , New York Academic Press, 1980. 

In the early days of analytical atomic absorption, this signal was fed directly to a meter calibrated in absorbance units, but the scale was logarithmic, and difficult to read at absorbance values >0.6, because the divisions became closer and closer together. Nowadays absorbance is invariably calculated electronically, and the value read from an analog or digital scale, or a computer, or fed to a chart recorder or printer. 

T he theory, technique, and applications of atomic absorption spectros-copy (AAS) are well known to chemists and are described extensively in the literature, which is estimated at nearly 1,000 papers a year. Excellent sources of information are the Annual Review issues (April) of Analytical Chemistry and the Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Absorption from the Society for Analytical Chemistry, London. Several pertinent references are listed by Hughes et al. (1). Some books found generally useful are listed in the bibliography (2, 3,4). 

Van Loon JC (1980) Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Selected Methods. Academic Press, New York. 

FIO. Fuwa, K., and Vallee, B. L., The physical basis of analytical atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 35, 942-946 (1963). 

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry already then in its second edition. Price (1974) (Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) published about thelOth book on AAS since inception of the technique with the aim of being a textbook on practical AAS (FAAS). It contains the usual introduction to principles, instrumenttation and analytical techniques, with a large detailed chapter of applications to different materials followed by details for individual elements. A nice expanded version of the author s first book (Price 1979) on Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption, includes newer developments such as EAAS. Kirkbright and Sargent (1974) (Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectrometry) produced a massive, excellent, comprehensive treatise on the techniques of atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrometries, with details on... 

Ure (1991) has a chapter on atomic absorption and flame emission, Robinson (1981) on AAS, Kirkbright and Sargent (1975) on analytical atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, Butler and Strasheim... 

Kiekbeight GF and Sargent M (1975) Analytical atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. In Svehla G, ed. Wilson and Wdsoris Comprehensive analytical chemistry, Vol 4, pp. 95-262. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Price WJ (1974) Analytical atomic absorption spectrometry, second printing with corrections. Heyden and Sons Ltd., London. 

Tsalev, D.L. (1972). Atomic absorption determination of trace elements after preconcentration by extraction, Ph.D.Thesis, Moscow State University Tsalev, D.L. (1984). Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Occupational and Environmental Health Practice, Vol. 2, pp. 1-295, CRC, Boca Raton, Florida Tsalev, D.L. and Zaprianov, Z.K. (1983). Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Occupational and Environmental Health Practice, Vol. 1, pp. 1-252 CRC, Boca Raton, Florida Van Grieken, R., Van de Velde, R. and Robberecht, H. (1980). Sample contamination from a commercial grinding unit. Anal. Chim. Acta 283,137-143 Van Loon, J.C. (1983). Bridging the gaps in analytical atomic absorption spectrometry, Spectrochim. Acta38B, 1509-1524... 

In the early days of atomic absorption, it was not analytically useful to use flames developing temperatures higher than that of the air-acetylene combination. (This is discussed in more detail in the section on burners.) The temperature of the air-acetylene burner is not suflBcient to dissociate the compounds of refractory elements like titanium, aluminum, and vanadium, and for several years these elements were considered to be out of reach of analytical atomic absorption, though some data could be obtained by special and rather cumbersome methods. 

Prestvick T, 1982, Basic volcanic rocks and tectonic setting. A discussion of the Zr-Ti-Y discriminadon diagram and its suitability for classificadon purposes. Lithos, 15, 241-247. Price W.J., 1972, Analytical atomic absorption spectronKtry. Heyd.en, London. 

Journal of Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (JAAS), The Royal Society of Chemistry,... 

In 1955 Walsh established the foundations of modern analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy. In the same year Alkemade and Milatz also published a paper suggesting similar procedures. The work of Walsh, however, was much more detailed, since he examined the theory of the method, the basic principles involved, the instrumentation requirements, and its advantages over flame emission. 

Since the work of Walsh, the growth of analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy has been phenomenal. About 70 different elements, including most of the common rare earth metals, have been determined by atomic absorption methods. Direct application of the technique is limited to metals, with the exceptions of B, Si, As, Se, and Te. Several of the nonmetals have been analytically determined by indirect methods. Recently detection limits have been lowered, new sample cells and sampling techniques have been developed, very high intensity sources have become available, and new and better systems developed to read out the analytical data. This chapter deals with the principles and techniques of modem analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

When analytical atomic absorption was in its early stages of development much information was circulated concerning the freedom of the method from interference effects. This led early users of the technique to assume no interferences occurred in atomic absorption. In fact, atomic absorption has as many types of interferences as flame emission, although in some cases the magnitude of the interference is smaller. Any factor that affects the ground state population of the analyte element can be classed as an interference, since, in atomic absorption, the concentration of the analyte element in the sample is considered to be proportional to the ground state atom population in the flame. Any other factor that affects the ability of the atomic absorption instrument to read this parameter also can be classed as an interference and proper control of these effects is necessary to obtain correct analytical results. The common types of interferences that occur in atomic absorption are the topics of this section. 

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