Analysis of Phenolic Compounds

Paganga, G. et al.. The polyphenolic content of fruit and vegetables and their antioxidant activities what does a serving constitute Free Radical Res., 30, 153, 1999. Maatta, K.R. et al.. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolic compounds in berries with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection Rihes species, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 6736, 2003. 

Gomez-Caravaca, A. M., Gomez-Romero, M., Arraez-Roman, D., Segura-Carretero, A., and Fernandez-Gutierrez, A. (2006). Advances in the analysis of phenolic compounds in products derived from bees. /. Pharmuceut. Biomed. Anal. 41,1220-1234. 

The allelopathic effects of dominant plants on other plants in phytocoenosis are caused by phenolic phytotoxins present in all parts of plants, but the highest amount of these compounds is accumulated in the leaves. Leaves of dominant trees represent the main components of the litter in the forest, thus analysis of phenolic compounds and measurements of their content in leaves and leaf litter is considered as very important. 

Canini A, Alesiani D, D Arcangelo G and Tagliatesta P. 2007. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of phenolic compounds from Carica papaya L. leaf. J Food Comp Anal 20 584-590. 

Mass spectrometry applied to characterization of phenolic compounds has been widely reviewed (Fulcrand and others 2008 Harnly and others 2007 de Rijke and others 2006 Prasain and others 2004). Therefore, here we describe the most common mass spectroscopic methods used for the analysis of phenolic compounds. 

Ibern-Gomez M, Andres-Lacueva C, Lamuela-Raventos RM and Waterhouse AL. 2002. Rapid HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in red wines. Am J Enol Vitic 53(3) 218—221. 

Im HW, Suh BS, Lee SU, Kozukue N, Ohnisi-Kameyama M, Levin CE and Friedman M. 2008. Analysis of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in potato plant flowers, leaves, stems, and tubers and in home-processed potatoes. J Agric Food Chem 56(9) 3341-3349. 

Tomas-Barberan FA, Gil MI, Cremin P, Waterhouse AL, Hess-Pierce B and Kader AA. 2001. HPLC-DAD-ESIMS analysis of phenolic compounds in nectarines, peaches, and plums. J Agric Food Chem. 49(10) 4748 t760. 

S. Perez-Magarino, I. Revilla, M.L. Gonzalez-SanJose and S.Beltran, Various applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the analysis of phenolic compounds. J. Chromatogr.A, 847 (1999)75-81. 

Bray HG, Thorpe WV. 1954. Analysis of phenolic compounds of interest in metabolism. Methods Biochem Anal 1 1-52. 

Stankevicius, M. Akuneca, L Jakobsone, L Maruska, A. Analysis of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activities of spice plants extracts. Food Chemistry and Technology. 2010 44(2) 85-91. 

In general, antioxidants are divided into natural and synthetic groups. Because natural antioxidants are discussed in other chapters ( The Fat-soluble Vitamins, Analysis of Phenolic Compounds, and Analysis of Organic Acids ), we deal here only with the determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPA). 

Many excellent discussions of natural occurrence, structure, characterization, and analysis of phenolic compounds are available in the literature, and a series of books devoted to flavonoid chemistry has also been published. Detailed discussions on various chromatographic modes, including HPLC, GC, column chromatography (CC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), PC, and TLC, of simple phenolics and polyphenols are also presented in the recent book, Handbook of Food Analysis, volume 1, edited by Nollet (1). Due to their diversity and the chemical complexity of phenolic compounds, this chapter is limited to phenolic compounds that are considered to be important to foods and the food industry. 

ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY... 

Analysis of phenolic compounds with mass spectrometry 199... 

It is important to remember the few restrictions imposed by electrospray when considering an LC-MS analysis. Common solvents like methanol, water, acetonitrile and volatile salts (below 25 mM) like ammonium acetate and ammonium bicarbonate are acceptable in the mobile phase, whereas phosphate salts/buffers, mineral acids or other nonvolatile components cannot be used. Unfortunately, this conflicts with many of the routine mobile phases used for the analysis of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, necessitating changes in methods when going from LC to LC-MS analyses. 

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