Analysis of flue gases

As discussed in Chapter 1, a portion of the feed is converted to coke in the reactor. This coke is carried into the regenerator with the spent catalyst. The combustion of the coke produces H2O, CO, CO, SO2, and traces of NOx. To determine coke yield, the amount of dry air to the regenerator and the analysis of flue gas are needed. It is essential to have an accurate analysis of the flue gas. The hydrogen content of coke relates to the amount of hydrocarbon vapors carried over with the spent catalyst into the regenerator, and is an indication of the rcactor-stripper performance. Example 5-1 shows a step-by-step cal culation of the coke yield. 

The analysis of flue gas provides a measure of the efficiency of the combustion process and is given in percentages by volume. Traditionally, flue gas measurements have been taken using an Orsat apparatus, although in many industrialized countries this device has long been superseded by a wide variety of very accurate, portable, and precalibrated electronic equipment. 

An application in power production, particularly in coal-fired power plants, is the analysis of flue gas scrubbers which remove excess SO2 following coal combustion. Tests run by SAMBESRL at the EPA s Research Triangle Park facility (8,9) have demonstrated the effectiveness of IC in determining sulfite and sulfate in flue gas desulfurization systems. Table III gives results of direct IC analysis of scrubber liquors compared with turbidimetric and titration methods. 

New chapter Emerging ICP-MS Application Areas - covers the three most rapidly growing areas analysis of flue gas desulfurization wastewaters, fully automated analysis of seawater samples using online chemistry procedures, and characterization of engineered nanoparticles... 

One of several different types of flue-gas analysis equipment (such as electronic, Fyrite, or Or sat types). They are used to determine boiler fuel combustion efficiency. 

A coal has the following ultimate analysis C = 0.8339, H2 = 0.0456, 02 = 0.0505, N2 = 0.0103, S = 0.0064, ash = 0.0533, total = 1.000. This coal is burned in a steam-boiler furnace. Determine the weight of air required for theoretically perfect combustion, the weight of gas formed per pound of coal burned, and the volume of flue gas at the boiler exit temperature of 600° F (589 K) per pound of coal burned the air required with 20 percent excess air and the volume of gas formed with this excess and the C02 percentage in the flue gas on a dry and wet basis. 

Pyrolysis of Pulp and Paper Sludge. The filter cake containing about 80% moisture was supplied for the cracking reactor without predrying. Heavy oil was fed to the incinerator as the auxiliary fuel. This is different from the case of municipal refuse, but the combustible gas composition and calorific value, flue gas composition and ash were similar to that of municipal refuse. The chemical analysis of combustible gas and flue gas are shown in Tables IX and X. 

Cordon, B.M., W.M. Coleman III, J.F. Elder Jr, J.A. Ciles, D.S. Moore, C.E. Rix, M.S. Uhrig, and E.L. White Analysis of flue-cured tobacco essential oil using multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry and matrix isolation Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry 41st Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 41, Paper No. 7, 1987, p. 15. 

Orsat = a flue gas analysis instrument, originally by use of absorption chemical liquids. Primarily for CO2, but also O2 and CO. Now a generalized term for any type of flue gas analysis. 

Warning operators by audio-visual alarms if there is possibility of environmental pollution due to the presence of excess pollutants in exit gases (warning for abnormal gas analysis of flue gases)... 

Dehydrochlorination of PVC is a facile reaction and is expected to take place on incineration of the plastic waste [52, 53]. The corrosive fumes can potentially affect the incinerator structure itself and if allowed to escape into the atmosphere will contribute to the acidification of the environment. Analysis of flue gases from mixed MSW incinerators typically show very small amounts of HCl (<2000 mg/m of gas) [54]. Either the amounts generated are quite low or tlie HCl formed in the incinerator undergoes reaction with other waste components or incineration products. 

Analysis of the post-air preheater data revealed that the volume of flue gas had diminished in proportion to the reduced fuel consumption. The reduced flue-gas flow had reduced the heat absorbed duty in the convective section. To achieve a higher radiant section duty, but really as a consequence of the preheated combustion air, the burner flame temperatures had increased. 

U.S. EPA Office of Water Engineering and Analysis Division, Inductively Coupled Plasma/ Mass Spectrometry for Trace Element Analysis in Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater, 2009, http //water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/guide/steam-electric/upload/Steam-Electric FGD Draft-SOP 2011. pdf. 

Example 14-6. Analyus of Flue Gas from Fuel Analysis. Fuel 5 in Table 14-3 is burned with 50 per cent excess air. Compute the Orsat analyi of the flue gas and the analysis of the flue gas including water vapor. 

As a first step in the driver analysis, the eapital required to make eaeh alternative operational is estimated. An orifiee ehamber is required to reduee the flue gas pressure for the steam turbine and motor alternatives. In this partieular ease, it is assumed that a third-stage separator is required for the power reeovery alternatives only and that an eleetrostatie preeipitator is used in all eases. Construetion and engineering are estimated as pereentages of total direet material and total material and eonstruetion, respeetively. An allowanee of 15% is made for eontingeney. Beeause the separator often ineludes a royalty fee, this item is added to the power reeovery alternates. As shown in Table 4-7, the motor alternative will require the least eapital. The power reeovery alternatives require additional eapital amounting to 4.63 and 4.75 per million respeetively. 

The power train (Figure 8-10) was eommissioned in May 1989. Table 8-1 provides data on the maehine in question. Tables 8-2 and 8-3 show flue gas analysis from the regenerator to the gas expander turbine inlet and the relevant metallurgy, respeetively. There are many possible failure modes in gas expanders, whieh inelude erosion, eatalyst deposition, and exeessive meehanieal vibration. Obviously, these faetors may also eause power loss, and some power trains do indeed fall short of produeing the expeeted power. Nevertheless, in some eases operation at off-design expander system eonditions eould be the primary eause of performanee defieieneies. 

Figure 1. Excess air can be determined from flue gas analysis and hydrogen-to-carbon weight ratio of the fuel.

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