AN INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is involved at every stage of the process, including the chemistry of inorganic pigments and organic resins, colloid and surface chemistry, as well as elements of environmental and analytical chemistry. The Chemistry of Paper provides an informative and entertaining overview of the chemical principles involved. It will be especially suitable to students and others who require an introduction to the chemistry of paper manufacture. 

The textbook s organization can be divided into four parts. Chapters 1-3 serve as an introduction, providing an overview of analytical chemistry (Chapter 1) a review of the basic tools of analytical chemistry, including significant figures, units, and stoichiometry (Chapter 2) and an introduction to the terminology used by analytical chemists (Chapter 3). Familiarity with the material in these chapters is assumed throughout the remainder of the text. 

It would be of obvious interest to have a theoretically underpinned function that describes the observed frequency distribution shown in Fig. 1.9. A number of such distributions (symmetrical or skewed) are described in the statistical literature in full mathematical detail apart from the normal- and the f-distributions, none is used in analytical chemistry except under very special circumstances, e.g. the Poisson and the binomial distributions. Instrumental methods of analysis that have Powjon-distributed noise are optical and mass spectroscopy, for instance. For an introduction to parameter estimation under conditions of linked mean and variance, see Ref. 41. 

Spectroscopy in Catalysis is an introduction to the most important analytical techniques that are nowadays used in catalysis and in catalytic surface chemistry. The aim of the book is to give the reader a feeling for the type of information that characterization techniques provide about questions concerning catalysts or catalytic phenomena, in routine or more advanced applications. 

This book set out to provide an introduction to the applications of analytical chemistry to archaeology. The intention was not, however, to provide a simple narrative of what has been done and what might be done. Specifically, it aimed to introduce advanced students of archaeology to some mainstream chemistry, in the hope that some, at least, would become sufficiently enthused by the possibilities that they would want to learn more. Ultimately, we hope they will become true archaeological chemists - students capable of dealing equally with the complexities of social behavior as evidenced by a very partial archaeological record, and the rigors of the chemistry laboratory. 

A number of reviews can be consulted for an introduction to the fundamentals both theoretical and practical covering XPS. These include Riggs and Parker (2) and the book by Carlson (3). Electron spectroscopy is reviewed in alternate years in the Fundamental Reviews issue of Analytical Chemistry. The last literature review was published in 1980 (4) and this and previous reviews can be consulted for a coverage of all aspects of the literature of XPS. A number of recent symposia have been held on applications of surface analytical methods in various aspects of materials science such as the symposium on characterization of molecular structures of polymers by photon, electron, and ion probes at the March 1980 American Chemical Society meetings in Houston ( 5) and the International Symposium on Physiochemical Aspects of Polymer Surfaces at this meeting as well as the symposium on industrial applications of surface analysis of which this article is a part. Review articles on various applications of XPS in materials science are listed in Table I. 

Refs. [i] Meites L (1955) Polarographic techniques. Interscience, New York (1965) 2nd edn. Wiley, New York [ii] Meites L, Zuman P et al. (1977-83) Handbook series in organic electrochemistry, vols. I-VI. CRC Press, Boca Raton [iii] Meites L, Zuman P et al (1976-88) Handbook series in inorganic electrochemistry, vols. I-VIII. CRC Press, Boca Raton [iv] Meites L, Thomas HC (1958) Advanced analytical chemistry. McGraw-Hill, New York [v] Meites L (1981) An introduction to chemical equilibria and kinetics. Pergamon Press, Oxford [vi] Meites L (ed) (1963) Handbook of analytical chemistry. McGraw-Hill New York... 

Ulman, A. (1991). An Introduction to Ultmthin Organic Films from Langmuir-Blodgett to Self-Assembly. Academic Press Finklea H.O. (2000). Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry Applications, Theory and Instrumentation (R.A. Meyers, ed.). Wiley Schreiber, F. (2000). Structure and growth of self-assembling monolayers. Prog. Surf. Sci., 65, 151-257. 

Beebe KR, Kowalski BR, An introduction to multivariate calibration and analysis, Analytical Chemistry 1987, 59, 1007A-1017A. 

The discussion in the remainder of the present section is devoted to cases in which the number of replicate measurements of a single parameter (e.g. concentration of an analyte in a given matrix) is sufficiently large that the unmodified Gaussian theory is applicable. While this condition is only infrequently met in practice in analytical chemistry, a brief discussion is presented here as an introduction to the more useful statistical models (Section 8.2.5). 

The first analysis of positive ions is attributed to Wien, who used a magnetic field to separate ions of different mass-to-charge ratios (Wien 1898), but the first appreciation of the potential of the new technique in chemical analysis appears to have again resulted from the work of Thomson in his famous book Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Application to Chemical Analysis (Thomson 1913). The present book is intended as an introduction to the use of mass spectrometry for quantitative measurements of the amounts of specific (known) chemical compounds (so-caUed target analytes ) present at trace levels in complex matrices. This modern day meaning of quantitative mass spectrometry is rather different from its much more specialized historical meaning in the earliest days of application of the technique to chemistry. 

The aim of this chapter has been to give an introduction to the methods of multivariate analysis which are most commonly used in analytical chemistry. In most cases there is a choice of several different multivariate methods which could be... 

Chapters 31 through 35 cover the analysis of the groups of cations. (Cations that create serious disposal problems are no longer included in the qualitative analysis chapters. Mercury, silver, lead, and most chromium cations have been removed.) Each chapter includes a discussion of the important oxidation states of the metals, an introduction to the analytical procedures, and comprehensive discussions of the chemistry of each cation group. Detailed laboratory instructions, set off in color, follow. Students are alerted to pitfalls in advance, and alternate confirmatory tests and cleanup procedures are described for troublesome cations. A set of exercises accompanies each chapter. 

For an introduction to methods of solving analytical problems in environmental, forensic, pharmaceutical and food sciences, see Chapter 36 in C.E. Housecroft and E.C. Constable (2010) Chemistry, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow. 

---