Amphetamines drug administration

Fontana DJ, Carbary TJ, Commissaris RL (1989) Effects of acute and chronic antipanic drug administration on conflict behavior in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98 157-162 Geller I, Seifter J (1960) The effects of meptobamate, barbiturates, d-amphetamine and promazine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1 482-492... 

The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act gives the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to declare which drugs could only be used under prescription. Amphetamines and barbiturates are soon put in this category. 

December 30 The Food and Drug Administration announces that it will ban ephedra, an herbal dietary supplement with amphetamine-like effects that has been popular with dieters and athletes. The government has included that the substance poses an unreasonable risk of illness and injury. ... 

Children with ADHD are inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive. The areas of their brains that control attention and restraint do not function properly. Stimulant drugs, specifically amphetamines, have been used in the United States to treat children with inattention and hyperactivity disorders since the 1930s. MPH was also discovered to have a calming effect on hyperactive children and a focusing effect on those with attention deficit disorder (ADD). However, it was not until the 1960s that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD. At the turn of the twenty-first century, approximately 90% of all methylphenidate was prescribed for ADHD children. Most of the rest was prescribed to treat adults with a sleeping sickness known as narcolepsy. 

A series of three experiments explored the relative effects of -amphetamine (10 mg), methylphenidate (10 mg), chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (10 mg), and placebo on memory and mood (54). After drug administration, subjects were tested on the Paced Sequential Memory Task (PSMT) and the Nowlis Mood Adjective Check List over a 4-hr test period. The results indicated that -amphetamine significantly reduced subjective ratings of fatigue and increased subjective ratings of vigor compared to the other drags. In addition, performance on the PSMT was enhanced by d-amphetamine compared to placebo and methylphenidate. Methylphenidate was not found to enhance either mood or performance in this experiment. 

Methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin and Concerta ) is a stimulant drug prescribed to treat hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention in millions of American children. Methylphenidate was first synthesized in the mid-1940s in Europe. In the United States, it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1955. The effects of methylphenidate in the human body are almost identical to those of the amphetamines. Amphetamines—the collective name for levoamphetamine (Benzedrine), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine ), and methamphetamine (Methedrine or speed )—are known to be potent psychomotor stimulants. 

A recent study by Xi et al. (1998) utilized single carbon fiber instead of multiple fiber electrodes and a fast-scan voltammetry instead of chronoamperometry. An additional difference was that the rats were first trained to acquire stable rates of heroin selfadministration and then were implanted with the electrodes. Under these conditions 60% of the rats responded to self-injection of 0.06A).l mg/kg of heroin with a monophasic increase, 20% with a biphasic increase/decrease and 20% with a biphasic decrease/ increase of the electrochemical signal (Xi et al., 1998). Only monophasic increases were observed with doses of 0.2 mg/kg of heroin. Tonic monophasic increases in signal were observed also by chronoamperometry with stearate-coated electrodes in a comparative study of cocaine and amphetamine self-administration in parallel with microdialyis (Di Ciano et al., 1995). From this study, however, it appears that, although the effect of drug self-injection on dialysate DA and on the tonic voltammetric signal is qualitatively... 

Pierre PJ, Vezina P (1998) D1 dopamine receptor blockade prevents the facilitation of amphetamine self-administration induced by prior exposure to the drug. Psychopharmacology 735(2) 159-166. 

A 0.25 mg/ml solution of amphetamine (6 mg/kg/day) produced an increase in activity during both the light and the dark periods (Fig. 7). It is interesting to note that activity during drug administration was not continuous throughout 24 h the two periods during which activity was consistently absent (Noon-16.00 h and 0.600-08.00 h) are approximately the periods when the acute effects of amphetamine were References pp. 94-95... 

Because of their adverse effects, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has taken action to remove two over-the-counter products that have amphetamine-hke action ephedrine, an agent with actions similar to those of epinephrine and the main active ingredient in the herb ephedra, used for weight loss and in energy-enhancement cold medicines and weight loss... 

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