Amphetamines amphetamine psychosis

Stimulants induce both tolerance and sensitization to their behavioral effects. Tolerance develops to the anorectic and euphoric effects of stimulants (Schuster 1981) however, chronic intermittent use of low doses of stimulants delays the development of tolerance. With the doses commonly used in clinical practice, patients treated for narcolepsy or for depressive or apathetic states find that the stimulant properties usually persist without development of tolerance however, the persistence of antidepressant effects remains a matter of controversy. Sensitization has been linked to the development of amphetamine-induced psychosis (Yui et al. 1999). Sensitization to the induction of psychosis is suggested because psychosis is induced by progressively lower doses and shorter periods of consumption of amphetamine following repeated use over time (Sato 1986). Sensitization for amphetamine-induced psychosis may persist despite long periods of abstinence. 

Bell DS The experimental reproduction of amphetamine psychosis. Arch Gen Psychi-atry29 35 0, 1973... 

Ciraulo DA, Rotrosen J, Leiderman D, et al Nefazodone induced alterations of cocaine craving and use in dysphoric cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 60 S38, 2000 Connell PH Amphetamine Psychosis (Maudsley Monographs No 5). London, Oxford University Press, 1938... 

Ellinwood EH Jr, Sudilovsky A, Nelson LM Evolving behavior in the clinical and experimental amphetamine (model) psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 130 1088—1093, 1973... 

Jha A, Fourie H Risperidone treatmenr of amphetamine psychosis fietter). Br J Psychiatry 174 366, 1999... 

Ellinwood, E.H. Amphetamine psychosis Individuals, settings, and sequences. In Ellinwood, E.H., and Cohen, S., eds. Current Conceprs on Amphetamine Abuse. Rockville, MD National Institute on Mental Health, 1972. pp. 143-157. 

Robinson, T.E., and Becker, J.B. Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration A review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Res 11 157-198, 1986. 

Jonsson, L., and Gunne, L. Clinical studies of amphetamine psychosis. In Costa, E., and Garattini, S., eds. Amphetamines and Related Compounds. New York Raven Press, 1970. ppi. 929-936. 

Amphetamine Clinically used for narcolepsy (sudden day-time onset sleep) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) formerly used as a short-term slimming agent, as an antidepressant and to boost athletic performance recreational use widespread tolerance develops readily highly addictive regular users suffer many health problems and a reduced life expectancy amphetamine psychosis may develop, with similar symptoms to acute paranoid schizophrenia. 

Toxic psychosis Several monoamine stimulants including cocaine are known to produce a temporary or even a lasting psychotic state after heavy use. Reviews of numerous clinical case reports have shown amphetamine to produce a chronic psychotic state, sometimes persisting for months after cessation. There appears to be a sensitization effect in this regard, because after recovery, psychotic states may recur with minimal use of amphetamine or alcohol. When compared to schizophrenic patients, people with amphetamine-induced psychosis demonstrate fewer negative symptoms (Boutros and Bowers 1996). 

In the aftermath of World War II, problems with amphetamine abuse began to arise. An epidemic of amphetamine abuse and related cases of amphetamine-induced psychosis arose first in Japan and later in the United States. Since that time, use of amphetamines and other stimulants has been greatly curtailed and as a class are more tightly regulated than virtually any other psychotropic agents, with the exception of narcotic analgesics. 

Amphetamine used at high doses can provoke a toxic syndrome ( amphetamine psychosis ) in healthy subjects that shows certain similarities to schizophrenic psychoses. Like cocaine, high-dose amphetamine is known to trigger a massive release of dopamine and noradrenaline from presynaptic sites and thus to produce a temporary excess supply of both neurotransmitters at the respective synapses. 

Connell PH (1958). Amphetamine Psychosis. Institute of Psychiatry Maudsley Monograph No. 5. London Oxford University Press Conner KR, Pinquart M Duberstein PR (2008). Meta-analysis of depression and substance use and impairment among intravenous drug users (IDUs). Addiction, 103, 524-34... 

Flaum M Schultz SK (1996). When does amphetamine-induced psychosis become schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 812-5... 

The metabolism of amphetamine has been studied in those presenting with amphetamine psychosis. In the presence of acidified urine, the renal elimination of amphetamine increased significantly. The intensity of the psychosis was found to correlate with the amount of basic polar metabolites excreted in the urine, such as norephedrine and p-hydroxyamphetamine, and not with the plasma amphetamine concentration. This suggests that these metabolites may play an important role in the development of paranoid psychosis in chronic amphetamine users.6... 

Medical studies indicate that five to 15% of the amphetamine users who become psychotic fail to recover completely even after physical withdrawal symptoms pass. Psychiatrists in Japan did a study demonstrating that amphetamine psychosis can persist for several years. 

AMPHETAMINE PSYCHOSIS A delusional state of mind caused by severe amphetamine abuse. Paranoia, hallucinations, and unfounded feelings of persecution are common features. 

Amphetamine psychosis causes feelings of severe paranoia and auditory and visual hallucinations. The amphetamine addict who is psychotic typically experiences delusions of persecution, believing someone, or everyone, is out to get them. Because of these paranoid delusions, violence can frequently occur during amphetamine psychosis. Once the amphetamine abuser is free of the drug, psychosis fades quickly. However, symptoms such as mental confusion, memory problems, and delusional thoughts may last up to several months or longer. 

Angrist BM, Gershon S. 1970. The phenomenology of experimentally induced amphetamine psychosis — preliminary observations. Biol Psychiatry 2 95-107. 

Ellinwood EH Jr. Amphetamine psychosis. 1. Description of the individuals and process. J Nerv Ment Dis 1967 144 273. 

Kalix P. Amphetamine psychosis due to khat leaves. Lancet 1984 1(8367) 46. 

Although several tlieories address the action of antipsychotics, the dopamine hypothesis is generally accepted. This theory is based on the observation of amphetamine-induced psychosis, which serves as a pharmacological model of schizophrenic behavior. The symptoms evidenced in this model psychosis are readily ameliorated through the... 

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