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Ammonium Perchlorate AP

The mode of degradation of AP was studied first by Bircumshaw and Newman 31. They found that, below 570 K, only 30% decomposition occurs, and the remaining 70 % is a porous solid residue chemically identical to the starting AP, which does [Pg.100]

The burning rate of a pressed strand of AP was discussed as a function of pressure by Arden 11 and Levy and Friedman 2. The lower pressure limit of AP burning is about 2.7 MPa and the burning rate increases as pressure increases above this. [Pg.101]


Some limitations of optical microscopy were apparent in applying [247—249] the technique to supplement kinetic investigations of the low temperature decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), a particularly extensively studied solid phase rate process [59]. The porous residue is opaque. Scanning electron microscopy showed that decomposition was initiated at active sites scattered across surfaces and reaction resulted in the formation of square holes on m-faces and rhombic holes on c-faces. These sites of nucleation were identified [211] as points of intersection of line dislocations with an external boundary face and the kinetic implications of the observed mode of nucleation and growth have been discussed [211]. [Pg.26]

The thermal reactions of ammonium perchlorate (AP) are unusually complicated. On account of the importance of this compound as a solid propellant and also its intrinsic interest, an intensive and widespread series of studies has been completed using various experimental approaches. The main kinetic characteristics of the reactions involved and the mechanistic explanations of these observations are largely agreed. There have been two detailed reviews of the literature to mid-1968 [59,357]. [Pg.196]

Ammonium perchlorate (AP NH4CIO4) is a white, crystalline material, the crystal structure of which changes from orthorhombic to cubic at 513 K, which affects the decomposition process. AP is not hygroscopic in the atmosphere and the mass fraction of oxygen is 0.545. It is used as an oxidizer in various types of propellants and pyrolants. A rapid sublimation occurs between 670 K and 710 K at low pressures. Under slow heating, AP starts to decompose at about 470 K according to ... [Pg.71]

The polymeric hydrocarbon also acts as a binder of the particles, holding them together so as to formulate a propellant grain. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a typical crystalline oxidizer and hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is a typical polymeric fuel. When AP and HTPB are decomposed thermally on the propellant surface, oxidizer and fuel gases are produced, which diffuse into each other and react to produce high-temperature combustion gases. [Pg.89]

A mixture of ammonium perchlorate (AP NH4CIO4) and a hydrocarbon polymer (BDR) used as fuel binder forms an AP pyrolant that generates white smoke when it burns in a humid atmosphere. The polymer acts as a binder of the AP particles to form a rubber-like material. When the AP pyrolant burns, the AP particles oxidize the hydrocarbon polymer according to ... [Pg.343]

When a composite propellant composed of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and a hydrocarbon polymer burns in a rocket motor, HCl, CO2, H2O, and N2 are the major combustion products and small amounts of radicals such as OH, H, and CH are also formed. These products are smokeless in nature and the formation of carbon particles is not seen. The exhaust plume emits weak visible light, but no afterburning occurs because AP composite propellants are stoichiometrically balanced mixtures and, in general, no diffusional flames are generated. [Pg.353]

Boron is one of the essential materials for obtaining high specific impulse of a ducted rocket However, the combustion efficiency of boron-containing gas-generating pyrolants is low due to incomplete combustion of the boron particles in the ramburner.[i3-i l Fig. 15.20 shows the combustion temperature ofa boron-containing pyrolant with and without boron combustion as a function of air-to-fuel ratio, 8. A typical boron-containing pyrolant is composed of mass fractions of boron particles b(0-30), ammonium perchlorate ap(0.40), and carboxy-terminated polybutadiene ctpb(0-30). If the boron particles burn completely in the ramburner, the maximum combustion temperature reaches 2310 K at 8 = 6.5 and v = Mach 2 p =... [Pg.464]

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) nh4cio4 1.95 34.0 Most commonly employed oxidizer... [Pg.235]

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is one of the major ingredients of composite propellants based on HTPB as a binder. Though it is an excellent oxidizer, it is a... [Pg.275]

NANOCAT Superfine Iron Oxide(SFIO) is a novel bum-rate catalyst and performs superbly in solid rocket propellants based on ammonium perchlorate (AP). SFIO provides a higher burn rate and lower pressure exponent compared with commercial iron oxides at equal concentrations. Some characteristics of NANOCAT SFIO as a burn-rate catalyst are as follows ... [Pg.286]

The major ingredients of composite propellants are ammonium perchlorate (AP-68%), metal powder (-16%) and polymeric binders like CTPB, HTPB and Thiokol. As total solids loading in composite propellants is -85-88%, polyesters which are commonly used for inhibition of DB propellants, have a relatively weak bond with composite propellants. This problem is further aggravated because of higher shrinkage in the case of polyesters. [Pg.294]

Akhimova Stresik (Ref 17) studied the detonation characteristics of Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) mixed with various fuels . They were primarily interested in the failure diameter (critical diameter) of these mixts, but they do report some detonation velocity measurements at the critical diameter of the mixts... [Pg.191]

Reaction Temperature of a Propellant Consider a solid propint containing 80% by weight ammonium perchlorate (AP) and 20% of a binder having the compn C23H2S04. Based on 1 gram-mole of oxidizer, the elemental compn of the propint is therefore ... [Pg.686]

Propellants include both rocket and gun propellants. Most rocket propellants are either Hazard Class 1.3 composites, which are based on a rubber binder, and ammonium perchlorate (AP) oxidizer, and a powdered aluminum (Al) fuel or Hazard Class 1.1 composites, which are based on a nitrate ester, usually nitroglycerine (NG), nitrocellulose (NC), HMX, AP, or polymer-bound NC. If a binder is used, it usually is an isocyanate-cured polyester or polyether. Some propellants contain combustion modifiers, such as lead oxide. [Pg.342]


See other pages where Ammonium Perchlorate AP is mentioned: [Pg.39]    [Pg.362]    [Pg.504]    [Pg.623]    [Pg.886]    [Pg.71]    [Pg.88]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.181]    [Pg.285]    [Pg.302]    [Pg.360]    [Pg.401]    [Pg.71]    [Pg.88]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.181]    [Pg.285]    [Pg.302]    [Pg.360]    [Pg.401]    [Pg.8]    [Pg.20]    [Pg.24]    [Pg.27]    [Pg.29]    [Pg.37]    [Pg.38]    [Pg.105]    [Pg.214]    [Pg.1222]   


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Ammonium perchlorate

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