Ammonium Nitrate Explosives, Tests

Ammonium Nitrate Explosives, Tests of Spencer Chemical Co [a)Cook-off temperature b)Detonation velocity c)Waxrgap and d)Impact-friction pendulum]... 

Since these explosives may be used safely only in mines where little or no gas occurs, Cybulski has recently formulated explosives which may be used in mines where much gas is present and where ordinary permitted explosives are not generally approved. Two such explosives are used permitted special Metanit A and permitted special Metanit B. They are ammonium nitrate explosives with a very high content of cooling salt (e.g. up to 50% sodium chloride). Permitted special Metanits are very safe in the presence of firedamp and coal-dust. They stand up to the tests described above and do not ignite firedamp even with a 1.5-2 kg charge suspended... 

Incompatibility may result in a loss of effectiveness or may be very hazardous. For example, -> Chlorate Explosives and -> Ammonium Nitrate Explosives are not compatible (formation of self-decomposing ammonium chlorate). For compatibility testing - Vacuum Test. 

Nitroparaffins are not explosives as determined by tests approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for shipping classifications. However, nitromethane when sensitized by small amounts of amines can be detonated by a Number 8 blasting cap. Nitromethane is used as a fuel component in ammonium nitrate explosives. 

Nitroparaffins are not explosives as determined by tests approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for shipping classifications. However, nitromethane when sensitized by small amounts of amines can be detonated by a Number 8 blasting cap. Nitromethane is used as a fuel component in ammonium nitrate explosives. Nitroparaffins are used in diesel fuel to increase power output of engines. Nitropropane is completely miscible in diesel fuel, nitroethane solubility is 18 wt%, and nitromethane is only a 2 wt%. Nitromethane is used as a fuel in racing cars and in model engines. A blend of nitromethane and methanol is said to produce increased power output over regular hydrocarbon fuels. 1-Nitropropane is used as a grinding solvent for the production of aluminum powder because of its ability to displace surface moisture on the aluminum and the solvent aids in the dispersion of the aluminum powder. Nitromethane is used as a metal stabilizer for... 

Control of exudation depends mainly on the suitable choice of the nitrocellulose used. Some lack of uniformity in this product is certainly desirable. This offers no serious difficulty, although it is necessary to ensure a constant watch on manufacturing processes to see that quality is maintained. In other gelatine explosives, particularly those containing ammonium nitrate, exudation can be induced by slow chemical reaction. The addition of alkalis, for example, can liberate ammonia which in turn can react with nitrocellulose and cause it to lose its power of binding nitroglycerine. Such effects are accelerated at high temperatures and under wet conditions and it is usual practice to test all explosives under such adverse conditions before they are put on the market. 

Further properties which a detonating fuse should have are the ability to initiate blasting explosives (tested with suitable relatively insensitive mixtures usually of TNT and ammonium nitrate) resistance to low temperatures without cracking on flexing and to hot storage without desensitisation and toughness to prevent damage from stones, etc. The fuse must always be waterproof and must often withstand diesel oil, which can separate from ANFO. 

Several additives were tested with a series of explosives in order to enhance ESI intensities [15—17]. Nitramine and nitrate ester explosives showed enhanced response for ammonium nitrate additive, by forming [M + NOs] adduct ions in the negative-ion mode. Nitrate adduct ions were more intense than trifluoroacetate (TFA) or chloride adduct ions by a factor of 6-40. The base peak in the negative-ion mass spectrum of TNT, with 1 mM ammonium nitrate in the mobile phase was at m/z 226 due to the [M-H] ion. 

Experimental results of underwater explosion tests using an emulsion explo-sivecomposed of ammonium nitrate and hydrazine nitrate showed 0.85 MJ kg for the shock wave energy and 2.0 MJ kg for the bubble energy. The shock wave energy of underwater explosions is increased by the addition of aluminum powder to the explosives. The aluminum powder reacts with H2O molecules in the bubble. Large amounts of Hj molecules and heat are produced by the oxidahon of the A1 with H2O according to ... 

Explosives Sensitivity Data. Card-gap and projectile sensitivity, data are presented by Watson (Ref 1) for a wide variety of expl compns tested at the USBurMines laboratories in more or less standard test geometries. The results of both tests are in good agreement in that they provide the same sensitivity ordering fbr different subclasses of expls. Least sensitive were homogeneous liquids that did not exhibit a tendency, to undergo low-velocity detonation, AN-FO (Ammonium Nitrate-Fuel Oil), and most cast military expls. Of intermediate sensitivity were pressed and powdered military expls, cast Pentolite, permissible and nonpetmissible water-based expls, and one commercial two-component expl. The most sensitive were permissible and nonpermissible Dynamites and expls susceptible to low-velocity detonations Refs I) R.W. Watson, 1 Card-Gap and Projectile Impact Sensitivity Measurements, A Compilation , USBurMines Information Circular 1C 8605(1973)... 

Gap Test of Spencer Chemical Co, Kansas City, Missouri, was described as Wax-Cap Test in Vol 1 of Encycl, p A354, Note c, under AMMONIUM NITRATE BLASTING EXPLOSIVES... 

Low density Ammonit No. 14 is a relatively new explosive — it was first tested in 1954. It contains low density ammonium nitrate and 7% nitroglycerine. Its properties are ... 

Trinitrophenetol or ethyl picrate, m.p. 78°, is prepared by the same methods as trinitroanisol. The explosive properties of the two substances have been studied by Desparmets and Calinaud, and by Desvergnes,72 who has reported the results of the earlier workers together with data of his own and discussions of methods of manufacture and of the explosive properties of mixtures with picric acid, ammonium nitrate, etc. Drop test with a 5-kilogram weight were as follows ... 

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