Ammonium nitrate available oxygen

Oxidizers. The characteristics of the oxidizer affect the baUistic and mechanical properties of a composite propellant as well as the processibihty. Oxidizers are selected to provide the best combination of available oxygen, high density, low heat of formation, and maximum gas volume in reaction with binders. Increases in oxidizer content increase the density, the adiabatic flame temperature, and the specific impulse of a propellant up to a maximum. The most commonly used inorganic oxidizer in both composite and nitroceUulose-based rocket propellant is ammonium perchlorate. The primary combustion products of an ammonium perchlorate propellant and a polymeric binder containing C, H, and O are CO2, H2, O2, and HCl. Ammonium nitrate has been used in slow burning propellants, and where a smokeless exhaust is requited. Nitramines such as RDX and HMX have also been used where maximum energy is essential. 

Ammonium nitrate is the cheapest source of oxygen available for commercial explosives at the present time. It is used by itself in conjunction with fuels, or to give more sensitive explosives in admixture with solid fuels and sensitisers such as nitroglycerine and TNT. It is, therefore, a compound of particular importance for the explosives industry. 

A mixture of 94.5% AN and 5.5% fuel oil was found to be the most efficient explosive and is termed ANFO. The addition of fuel oil allows all the available oxygen from (he ammonium nitrate to be used effectively in the explosion... 

Ammonium nitrate is the most readily available and cheapest salt of nitric acid, now manufactured wholly from synthetic ammonia and from nitric acid obtained by oxidation of ammonia. Ammonium nitrate was prepared for the first time as early as in 1659 by Glauber. The original experiments with it as a component of explosive mixtures began in the second half of the nineteenth century. Ammonium nitrate is the most widely used oxygen carrier, since it is an ingredient of the commonest group of high explosives. The reasons for this are to be seen in its properties and those of its explosive mixtures appreciable chemical stability, and low sensitiveness to friction and to shock. 

Explosives in which the oxidizer and fuel portions come from different molecules are called composite explosives because they are a mixture of two or more chemicals. A classic industrial example is a mixture of solid ammonium nitrate (AN) and liquid fuel oil (FO). The common designation for this explosive is the acronym, ANFO. The oil used (typically 2 diesel fuel) is added in sufficient quantity to react with the available oxygen from the nitrate portion of AN. The redox reaction of ANFO is as follows ... 

A constructed wetland is receiving ammonium nitrogen loading at a rate of 10 g m day. Assume all of this ammonium is in floodwater and will be available for nitrification. Calculate how much oxygen should be present in the floodwater to oxidize ammonium to nitrate. Express oxygen requirements in g m day... 

Different SCR reaction occurs depending on the NO2 to NOx ratio, where standard SCR occurs with NO only, rapid SCR with equimolar amount of NO and NO2, and slow NO2 SCR with NO2 only. In several global kinetic models, these three reactions are added. In more detailed models, more surface species are considered, for example, nitrites, nitrates, HNO3, oxygen, and hydroxyls. N2O is an unwanted by-product during the SCR process over copper zeolites that are increasing with the NO2 content. The mechanism for the N2O production is suggested to be from decomposition of ammonium nitrate. In addition, there are models available that incorporate the urea decomposition and hydrolysis, in addition to the SCR reactions. 

---