Ammonium hypobromite

C. F. Schonbein also prepared ammonium hypobromite by a process analogous to that employed for the hypochlorite, and obtained a liquid with similar oxidizing properties. The liquid is assumed to contain a mixture of ammonium hypobromite and bromide. C. F. Schonbein likewise inferred the transient formation of ammonium hypoiodite when iodine water and aqueous ammonia are mixed, whereby the liquid is decolorized. The soln. gave a deep blue coloration with starch paste and potassium iodide, etc., and behaved like analogous soln. of the alkali... 

Ammonium hypobromite.—Bromine is said to react with a well-cooled ammonium-hydroxide solution, with formation of an unstable solution of the hypobromite.8... 

Methylsuccinic acid has been prepared by the pyrolysis of tartaric acid from 1,2-dibromopropane or allyl halides by the action of potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis by reduction of itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids by hydrolysis of ketovalerolactonecarboxylic acid by decarboxylation of 1,1,2-propane tricarboxylic acid by oxidation of /3-methylcyclo-hexanone by fusion of gamboge with alkali by hydrog. nation and condensation of sodium lactate over nickel oxide from acetoacetic ester by successive alkylation with a methyl halide and a monohaloacetic ester by hydrolysis of oi-methyl-o -oxalosuccinic ester or a-methyl-a -acetosuccinic ester by action of hot, concentrated potassium hydroxide upon methyl-succinaldehyde dioxime from the ammonium salt of a-methyl-butyric acid by oxidation with. hydrogen peroxide from /9-methyllevulinic acid by oxidation with dilute nitric acid or hypobromite from /J-methyladipic acid and from the decomposition products of glyceric acid and pyruvic acid. The method described above is a modification of that of Higginbotham and Lapworth. ... 

Calcium, iron, magnesium, alkali metals, and citrates do not affect the analysis. Ammonium salts interfere and must be eliminated by means of sodium nitrite or sodium hypobromite. The hydrochloric acid normally used in the analysis may be replaced by an equivalent amount of nitric acid without any influence on the course of the reaction. Sulphuric acid leads to high and erratic results and its use should be avoided. 

Ammonium bromide is formed by the direct union of the two gases and by the neutralization of hydrobromic acid with ammonia. C. E. Schonbein 1 made it along with the hypobromite (q.v.) and bromate, when ammonia is treated with bromine water until it reacts alkaline—some nitrogen is formed at the same time. 

Orthanilic acid was first made by the reduction of nitro-benzenesulfonic acid by ammonium sulfide.2 This reduction has also been carried out electrolyticallv, and by the use of iron or zinc.3 The acid has also been made by the rearrangement of phenylsulfamic acid,4 by the action of sodium hypobromite upon potassium o-carbaminebenzenesulfonate,5 by the reduction of the mixed nitrobenzenesulfonic acids followed by separation of the isomers,6 by the action of methyl alcohol upon o-nitro-phenylsulfurchloride,7 by the action of acid upon diacetyl diphenylsulfamide,8 by the debromination of />-bromoaniline-e-sulfonic acid,9 by the reduction of 1,2,6-aminothiophenolsulfonic acid,10 and by the hydrolysis and reduction of e-nitrobenzene-sulfonyl chloride, which was obtained from di-o-nitrophenyl-disulfide.11... 

Sodium hypobromite reacts with ammonium hydroxide according to the equation... 

Ammonium bromide, NH4Br.—The bromide is produced by the interaction of ammonia and hydrogen bromide, either in the gaseous form or in solution, the second process being accompanied by the formation of hypobromite,1 and possibly bromate.2 Under certain conditions it is also formed by the action of bromine on ammonia ... 

Risgaard-Petersen, N., Rysgaard, S., and Revsbech, N. P. (1995). Combined microdiffusion-hypobromite oxidation method for determining nitrogen-15 isotope in ammonium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.J. 59, 1077-1088. 

For some of the simple 4,5-dihydro-3//-pyrazoles not available by the diazoalkane-alkene route, an alternative to the hydrazine reaction discussed in the last section is oxidative cyclization of a 1,3-diamine. Hence, an alternative preparation of the ketone 1 is to react 2,4-dibromo-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one with sodium azide, reduce the azide groups with ammonium polysul-fide " and oxidatively cyclize with sodium hypobromite. " ... 

Selective oxidation of primary OH groups in carbohydrate derivatives has been achieved using A -oxoammonium salts generated from (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-l-yl)oxy (TEMPO) and its derivatives as catalysts. The stoichiometric oxidants employed include sodium hypochlorite [48-50], sodium hypobromite [51, 52], and ammonium peroxodisulfate (using silver on alumina as a co-catalyst) [53, 54]. A representative protocol is shown in Scheme 12. 

Chloramine. By mixing sodium hypochlorite with ammonium bromide, chloramines can be. Chloramines are believed to be nearly as biocidal as hypobromous acid or hypobromite. This product has recently been introduced in. At this time little is known about the product. It requires a somewhat complex feeding system because caustic soda is also added so that the pH can be closely controlled. Furthermore, corrosion problems could be expected on non stainless steel equipment, including in the vapour phase (press and drying sections). 

This hypobromite method has largely been replaced by the more accurate and specific urease process. Urease will rapidly hydrolyse urea into ammonium carbonate and fairly stable preparations of the enzyme are available in the form of tablets. The method for the estimation of urea in urine due to Dunning is applicable using these tablets ... 

Before analysis, because the N components in a sample are rarely present as N either (a) all nitrogen is converted to ammonium ion and then, by oxidation by hypobromite into N or (b) a Dumas combustion on a briquette of CuO-CaO mixture (1 1), in a sealed evacuated tube, converts... 

Decomposition by hypobromUe.— To 5 ml. urine add about 1 ml. fresh hypobromite (made by adding 25 ml. Br. to 250 ml. 40 per cent. NaOH). The urea is decomposed with liberation of free N, and the mixture effervesces vigorously. Ammonium salts, amino acids, and other compounds containing the amino group —are decomposed in the same way. 

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