Ammonium Chloride NH

Sodium carbonate (Na CO ) is the eleventh most used industrial chemical in the United States. It is commonly used as a bleaching agent and is manufactured in a two-step process. First, ammonia is combined with carbon dioxide to form sodium chloride and water, which reacts to form sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride (NH + CO + NaCl + H O —> NaHCOj + NH Cl). Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is used as a leavening agent in baking, as an antacid to relieve stomach acid, and as a component for fire extinguishers. The second step is known as the Solvay process, wherein the sodium bicarbonate is heated and converted into sodium carbonate (NaHCO A— Na CO + H O + CO ). 

The replacement of both -OH groups with chlorine produces Ccirbonyl dichloride, also known as phosgene, a useful reactant. For example, phosgene reacts with two moles of alcohol to form a dialkyl carbonate. The reaction of phosgene with one mole of alcohol produces an alkyl chloroformate, which is a useful intermediate in organic syntheses. The reaction of phosgene with four moles of ammonia yields urea and two moles of ammonium chloride, NH Cl. Figure 12-40 shows the structures of some of these compounds. 

Silica, Si02 Auric chloride, AuClg Ammonium chloride, NH Cl Sodium peroxide, NagOo Permanganate ion, Mn04 ... 

Manufacture. Sodium carbonate is an important product of the alkali industry. It is obtained naturally by the purification of sal soda which is found in the water of lakes Magadi of Kenya in East Africa, Owens of California in the USA etc. Industrially it is obtained by the Solvay process (ammonia-soda process) sodium chloride solution is saturated by ammonia which is forced into the solution. Carbon dioxide gas is then blown into the solution to form the bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) and ammonium chloride (NH<,.C1). When the bicarbonate is separated and heated, water and carbon dioxide are driven off and sodium carbonate is obtained. The ammonium chloride is mixed with milk of lime and distilled to form calcium chloride and ammonia solution. The recovered ammonia is used repeatedly. 

If the drug taken in overdose is a base, for example, a benzodiazepine tranquilliser or an antihistamine, excretion should be favoured by acidification of the urine. Agents that may be used to achieve this include ammonium chloride, NH Cl- (an acidic salt by partial hydrolysis) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). If the pH of the urine is artificially lowered, the technique is called forced acid diuresis. 

The second common kind of hydrolysis reaction involves the reaction of the cation of a weak base with water to form nonionized molecules of the weak base and H3O+ ions. This upsets the H3O+/OH- balance in water, giving an excess of H3O+, and making such solutions acidic. Consider a solution of ammonium chloride, NH Cl, the salt of aqueous NH3 and HCl. 

An example of this type of buffer solution is one that contains the weak base ammonia, NH3, and its soluble ionic salt ammonium chloride, NH Cl. The reactions responsible for the operation of this buffer are... 

Calculate the molarity of a solution, given that its volume is 820 mL and that it contains 7.4 g of ammonium chloride, NH Cl. 

In the USA sodium chloride is used in a restricted measure for postemergence treatment in table beet, and ammonium chloride (NH CI) is included as a component of cotton desiccation formulations. 

Let us consider the second common kind of buffer solution, containing a weak base and its salt. A solution that contains aqueous NH3 and ammonium chloride, NH Cl, a soluble ionic salt of NH3, is typical. The NH Cl is completely dissociated, but aqueous NH3 is only slightly ionized. 

Ammonium chloride NH Cl -36.7 Barium chloride dihydrate BaCl3.2HjO -100... 

Figure 289 describes how two odorless bodies placed in contact produce a very sharp odor and two other bodies form by their reunion a visible, palpable body. At the top left, we see sulfuric acid join with the components of limestone (CaCOj), which are lime (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) liberated by addition of heat ( caloric ). Calcium sulfate (CaSO ) and water remain in the top retort while carbon dioxide and caloric travel to the bottom-most flask. In the middle left, we add lime (CaO) and caloric to ammonium chloride (NH Cl), which... 

Hydrogen chloride is added to a buffer. solution of ammonia, NH3, and ammonium chloride, NH.jCl. What is the effect on the concentration of ammonia On the concentration of ammonium chloride ... 

Nickel sulphate (NiSO -THjO) 180g/1 Nickel chloride (NiClj-6H2O) 30g/1 Ammonium chloride (NH Cl) 25 g/1 Boric acid (H BO,) 30 g/1... 

The covalent bonds examined so far have consisted of electrons contributed equally from both of the atoms involved in the bond. It is possible to have covalent bonds in which only 1 of the 2 atoms that are joined together contributes both of the electrons in the bond. The bond so formed is called a coordinate covalent bond or a dative bond. A typical coordinate covalent bond forms when ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas react. This sometimes happens accidentally in the laboratory when these gases are evolved from beakers of concentrated ammonia solution and concentrated hydrochloric acid (a solution of HCl gas) that are accidentally left uncovered. When these two gases meet, a white chemical fog is formed. It is ammonium chloride, NH Cl, a salt that is produced by the reaction... 

In the renal buffering process, sodium (Na+) is exchanged for hydrogen ions (H+) and binds with some of the bicarbonate (NaHCOj), which later breaks down again as Na" is actively removed through a Na - K+ mechanism (discussed in more detail in Chapter 5). The H" ions are bound with carbonic anhydrase on the border of the proximal tubules of the kidneys, which convert the H first to H COj and then to H O and CO. Some H+ ions also bind with the ammonia (NHj) produced in the kidneys as a result of amino acid catabolism and an abundant anion found in the glomerular filtrate, chloride (CT), to form ammonium chloride (NH Cl), a weak acid that is excreted in the urine. Thus it is clear that other electrolytes are involved in the acid-base balancing process and can be affected by acid-base imbalances. These impacts will be discussed with each electrolyte. 6... 

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