Ammonia mitigation

The team suggested mitigations. For example, the consequences of an ammonia release could be markedly reduced by a reliable and quick-acting water spray system. The probability of damage due to ship collisions could be reduced by a f tor of five by a speed limit of eight knots. Evacuation of the potentially affected is practicable and effective. 

This accident was attributed to the lack of design protection to prevent the backup of ammonia into this storage tank. It also appears that mitigation techniques were not part of the system (deluge systems, dikes, and the like). 

Minkara, R. 2003. Technologies to Mitigate Ammonia Slip. Proceedings 13th International Symposium on Use and Management of Coal Combustion Products, American Coal Ash Association, Paper No. 73, January 2003, St. Petersburg, FL. 

This example examines the design of a water-spray system that is used for the mitigation of anhydrous ammonia in the event of an accidental release. The NH3 tank is capable of storing 35 m3, it is 11 m in length and is cylindrical in shape lying in the horizontal plane. The base of the tank is surrounded by a protective dike or a bund. All piping connections are at the bottom of the tank. This is shown in Figure 4.4. 

The results for the warm and pressurized ammonia storage (unmitigated) and the refrigerated ammonia storage (mitigated) are summarized in Table 7.4. 

As discussed in Section 3.1.2.1, a liquid that is uncontained is one over which there is no control and which will result in potentially severe consequences. If a dike is placed around the tank containing the refrigerated liquid ammonia and the ammonia spill is confined within it, a much reduced hazard zone can be obtained because we have limited the surface area available for vaporization and additional postrelease mitigation measures can be applied. As pointed out in Chapter 3, combinations of postrelease mitigation measures will provide the best overall response to an accidental release. 

Potassium and magnesium aspartate are salts of aspartic acid, an amino acid. They have been used as ergogenics, possibly by enhancing fatty acid metabolism and sparing muscle glycogen utilization or by mitigating the accumulation of ammonia during exercise. ... 

Active mitigation systems, which consist of detection, decision and action (e.g. gas detector, which triggers measures like emergency shutdown, segmentation, water or steam/ammonia curtains, or scrubber systems). 

Footprint of such an important process in Carbon equivalent quantities is of high interest these days as immediate mitigation measures should take place in order to optimize current technologies used aiming to assure environmental sustainability of the process. Direct emissions of Carbon Dioxide from the process and its major utility sections (furnace, turbines, steam heaters and boilers) are targeted in this case study. In order to provide a good estimate of Carbon Footprint of Ammonia process HYSYS simulation software and MS Excel can be integrated to calculate process Carbon emissions. 

The only method that has served to mitigate contamination by ammonia is by passing the fuel stream through a tube containing a H+ exchange resin, which prevented ammonia contamination of the fuel cell [153]. 

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