Ammonia aridity

One step synthesis o( substrtuted pyridines from a beta keto ester, an aldehyde arid ammonia. 

From intermediate 12, the path to key intermediate 7 is straightforward. Reductive removal of the benzyloxymethyl protecting group in 12 with lithium metal in liquid ammonia provides diol 27 in an overall yield of 70% from 14. Simultaneous protection of the vicinal hydroxyl groups in 27 in the form of a cyclopentanone ketal is accompanied by cleavage of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether. Treatment of the resultant primary alcohol with /V-bromosuccini-mide (NBS) arid triphenylphopshine accomplishes the formation of bromide 7, the central fragment of monensin, in 71 % yield from 27. 

This represents not only a loss of an essential nutrient for plant growth, but the ammonia is capable of generating alkalinity in rainfall (8). Because of the low rainfall in arid regions, this ammonia is likely to be transported for long distances before affecting the pH of the rainfall (8). 

The alcoholic ammonia is added to 49 g. (0.16 mole) of di-w-butylaminoethyl bromide hydrobromide (Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 2, 1943, 92) (Note 1) in a 1-1. round-bottomed flask. The flask is stoppered tightly and allowed to stand for six days at room temperature. The solution is then transferred to an evaporating dish and stirred while it is evaporated to a crystalline paste under a hood. The crystalline paste is transferred to a 400-cc. beaker, and to it is added a solution of 16 g. of sodium hydroxide in 18 cc. of water. The solution separates into an upper layer of brown oil arid a lower layer which contains a considerable amount of undis-... 

Ammonium, Metal(Metal Ammonium). Solutions of mercury arid the alkali metals in liq ammonia were first prepd and studied by Weyl (Ref 1). According to his views, the metals are joined to the nitrogen of ammonia, forming substituted ammonium radicals. Many investigators later studied the solns of metals in liq ammonia and while a few of the investigators were in favor of Weyl s theory(Joannis in 1892, Moissan in 1898 and Benoit in 1923), others were against it(Seeley in 1871, Ruff and Geisel in 1906, Kraus in 1908, Biltz in 1920 etc)... 

Magnesium. Dissolve I gm. of ealeinm enrl oiinle in 5 cc. of hydrochloric arid and a re. of water. To this solution add 10 co. of ammonia water and mi excess of ammonium oxalate solution, allow In stand live hours, filler. mid add to the filtrate sodium phosphate. solution. No precipitate should hirm on. standing twelve hours. 

A while, crystalline powder, insoluble in water, but soluble in concentrated hydrochloric. arid and in ammonia water. 

After isolation, the compound is insoluble in water and in common organic solvents. Aqueous ammonia and acid decompose the salt, yielding the free amino arid hot water converts the copper aminomethanesulfonate into an insoluble basic green salt. Because of its insolubility and its color, a chelate ring structure has been proposed similar to that of the alpha-amino acids with copper. 

Ill terms of llie deliinlioii that an arid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor, hydrochloric acid, water, and ammonia (NH3) are adds in the reactions... 

Explosive salts such as NaNO can be prepared by the reaction of NO and liquid ammonia solutions of alkali metals. The unstable free arid, HNO, is thought to be an intermediate in many redox reactions of nitrogen compounds. 

Possetto s method of testing 1 is as follows To 250 c.c. of boiling water contained in a porcelain dish are added first 20 c.c. of 95% alcohol arid 2 c.c. of 10% ammonia solution and immediately afterwards 30 grams of the material. After about 5 minutes boiling—when it is considered that the liquid is sufficiently coloured—cold water is added and the solid allowed to settle. The liquid is decanted into another dish and, after slight acidification with 10% hydrochloric acid, a small skein of defatted wool (0-5 gram) boiled in it for 10 minutes. If the wool remains yellow after repeated washing with water, the presence of a coal-tar colour is indicated. 

For nitrogen, dilute 25 ml. with about 100 ml. of water, add excess sodium hydroxide, arid determine the ammonia by distillation into standard acid. 

Largely because of the present competition from aromatic chemicals produced from petroleum, interest in aromatics from coal is not as great as it used to be. At one time coal tar was the sole source of pyridine however, synthetic processes using aldehyde arid ammonia are now supplying the increased demand. This is also true of phenol. 

Hydriodic Acid. — To a mixture of 5 drops of hydrolH omic aammonia water, arid one (h op of. silver nitrate solution. The mixture after being shaken must renuiin clear, or at most may develo ) a turbidity in.sulficicnt to de.stroy entirely its transparency. 

The acyl compounds (2g) are heated with a mixture of 98% formic acid (12 ml) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (6 ml) at 100°C (10-15 min). The solution changes colour to yellow or brown during this period. Dilution with water arid neutralization with concentrated ammonia solution precipitates the benzimidazole (68). Extraction of the filtrate with chloroform can increase the yield. 

The addition of water in small concentrations (10 per cent weight) to the acetic arid offers similar advantages to those procured in steam crackmg. In particular, it slows down the formation of coke. The addition of small amounts of ammonia (< 1000 ppm) exerts an indirect inhibiting effect on the polymerization of ketene If these precautions are observed, once-fhrough conversion is 85 to 90 per cent and the molar yield 90 to 95 per cent. 

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