Ammodendron

Figure 5. Coefficients of bio geochemical uptake of trace metals by cenospecific plant species of Gobi Extra-Dry Desert ecosystems, Central Asia. 1—Flaloxylon ammodendron 2—Iljina regeli 3—Ephedra Przewalskii 4—Anabasis brevifolia (Dobrovolsky, 1994).

In plain autonomous ecosystems the fluxes of sodium are less 40 g/ha/yr and those of Mg are less than 10 g/ha/yr. For iron these values are close to 1 g/ha/yr, and for all heavy metals, are between 0.01 and 0.04 g/ha/yr. In the geochemically subordinate landscapes (Naloxylon ammodendron and Ephedra przewalskii ecosystems) which receive additional moisture and chemical elements, the biogeochemical exposure fluxes are 360-912 g/ha/yr for Mg and Na, and from 0.44 to 6.65 g/ha/yr for heavy metals. In the periphery of the Gobi desert, Anabasis brevifloria and Graminaceae Dry Desert ecosystems show the overall increase of biogeochemical fluxes. The turnover for some elements (Mg, V, Cr) rises but slightly in comparison to their turnover in Extra-Dry ecosystems, whereas the turnover for other elements (Sr, Zn, Cu) increases several times. 

Argentine (99) Ammodendron argen-teum 0. Ktze. (134,139), Sophora grifithii Stocks (135), Thermopsis lanceolata R.Br. (136), T. alterniflora Rgl. et Schmalh. (137,138) C23H26N4O3 255-256... 

Ammodendron argen-teum O.Ktze. (134), Thermopsis alter-niflora Rgl. (140) Thermopsis lanceolata R.Br. (180)... 

Several derivatives of 2,3 -bipyridine, where both rings are reduced, are also alkaloids present, for example, in Adenocarpus, Ammodendron, Astroca-sia, Coelidium, Genista, Liparia, Lupinus, and Retama species. Ammoden-drine has structure 16 (R = CHj, R = isoorensine has structure 16... 

Anabasine (3-(2-piperidinyl)-pyridine) from Mcotiana and Duboisia species (Solanaceae) is an nACh-R agonist used to discourage tobacco smoking as is the JV-methylated tricyclic piperidine (—)-lobeline from Lobelia species (Campanulaceae). Lobeline-related compounds from Lobelia species include the bicyclic jV methyltetrahydropyridines isolobinine and lobinine and the tricyclic jV-methylpiperidines lobelanine and lobelanidine. Anabasine-related compounds include anatabine (2-(3-pyridyl)-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) from M tabacum and (+)-ammodendrine (jV-acetyltetrahydroanabasine) from Ammodendron and Sophora species (Fabaceae). 

Ailanthus glandulosus Desf./Tree of heaven Alnus glutinosa Medic./European alder Ammodendron conollyi Bel./Sandy acacia Arbutus andrache L./Strawberry tree Betula dahurica Pall./Dahurian birch Betula mandshurika Nakai/Manchurian white birch... 

A. ammodendron Bunge A. arguricus Bunge A. austrosibiricus Schischk A.babatagi Popov A. bachycarpus M. Bieb. 

Argentamine, an alkaloid of Ammodendron argenteum O. Kuntze,19 has been converted into a-isosparteine, and is formulated as ( —)-13-hydroxythermopsine (14), i.e. the C-ll epimer of baptifoline.20... 

Ammodendron Conollyi Bunge (Leguminosae) is a small tree found in the deserts of Central Asia. Although its stem and branches are almost devoid of alkaloids, its leaves contain a considerable quantity (1.8% of the dry weight). The crude, oily alkaloid may be separated by vacuum distillation into three fractions and a residue (463). The lower boiling fraction consists of d-sparteine while the fraction b.p. 185-200°/4 mm., consists mostly of a new alkaloid which is named ammodendrine. The ratio of d-sparteine to ammodendrine varies with the time of harvesting (461). In plants collected in July, this ratio was 5 1, while in material collected in August and September, it was 2 3. 

Another compound, an alkaloid closely resembling the nicotine alkaloid anabasine, has been found in the Leguminosae, namely, ammo-dendrine, obtained from Ammodendron conollyi. 

Quinolizidine Alkaloids.—Cadaverine is known to be a precursor for quinoliz-idine alkaloids. (For discussion of the biosynthesis of these alkaloids see also previous Reports). Recent experiments have shown that cadaverine is a precursor for alkaloids (anagyrine, pachycarpine, ammodendrine, N-methylcytisine, and cytisine) in Ammodendron karelinu too. Metabolism of lupanine, anagyrine, ammodendrine, and pachycarpine in the plant was also studied. ... 

C12H20N2O, Mr 208.30, mp. 43-46°C, [a]o +15° (C2H5OH) racemate, mp. 50- 60 °C. A. is a piperidine alkaloid, occurring together with quinolizidine alkaloids in many Fabaceae genera (e.g., Ammodendron, Baptisia, Cytisus, Lupinus). Its Structure is closely related to that of anabasine. 

A number of other compounds with similar structures [e.g., ammodendrine (28) from Ammodendron conollyii, Fa-baceae] are not derived from nicotinic acid, but wholly from lysine derived units (Fig. 29.10) (Herbert, 1988). 

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