Amino acids L-glutamate

The amino acid L-glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (Fonnum, 1984). Glutamate exerts its excitatory effects either by activation of several G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors or by induction of ion fluxes by different classes of ionotropic receptors. The NMDA receptor is one of those glutamate-gated ion channels which got its name from its selective artificial agonist NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and which controls slow but persistent ion fluxes of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ across the cell membrane. 

Lehmann, M. S., Koetzle, T. F. and Hamilton, W. (1972). Precision neutron diffraction structure determination of protein and nucleic acid components. VIII. Crystal and molecular structure of the /3-form of the amino acid, L-glutamic acid. J. Cryst. Mol. Struct., 2, 225-33. [50]... 

Monosodium glutamate, the sodium salt of the amino acid L-glutamic acid, is used as a flavor enhancer in a variety of foods. Average individual daily intake in developed countries is 0.3-1.0 g/day. 

Among the amino acids, L-glutamic acid can enhance or improve the flavor of foods. Glutamic acid is produced via fermentation directly from sugar using organisms such as Corvnebacterium glutamicum and Brevibacterium flavum.(66). 

Keywords. Microbial production, Amino acid, L-Glutamic acid, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Alanine, L-Cysteine, L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, D-p-Hydroxyphenyl-glycine, Hydroxy-L-proline... 

Schneider, J., Niermann, K., and Wendisch, V.F. (2011) Production of the amino acids L-glutamate, L-lysine, L-ornithine and L-arginine from arabi-nose by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum, J, Biotechnol, 154 (2 -3), 191-198. 

In the tricarboxylic acid cycle acetyl CoA is degraded to COg and reduced pyridine nucleotides (NADH and NADPH, D 16.2). In addition it supplies intermediates for the biosynthesis of the amino acids L-glutamic acid (D 17) and L-aspartic acid (D 16). The carbon chains withdrawn from the cycle by amino acid biosynthesis are replaced by degradation of isocitric acid to succinic acid and glyoxylic acid and the formation of malic acid from the latter. The tri-carboxyhc acid cycle short-circuited by these reactions is known as the glyo-xyhc acid cycle. 

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