Amino acids formula

Crystalline amino acid bulk solutions are supplied by various manufacturers in various concentrations (e.g., 3.5%, 5%, 7%, 8.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Different formulations are tailored for specific age groups (e.g., adults and infants) and disease states (e.g., renal and liver disease). Specialized formulations for patients with renal failure contain higher proportions of essential amino acids. Formulas for patients with hepatic encephalopathy contain higher amounts of branched-chain and lower amounts of aromatic amino acids. However, these specialized formulations should not be used routinely in clinical practice because their efficacy has not been clearly demonstrated. Crystalline amino acid solutions have an acidic pH (pH = 5-7) and may contain inherent electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium, acetate, and phosphate). 

Name amino acid amino acid amino acid formula MW mp [o]d Solvent Isolated from the plant Plant family Ref.o... 

Elimination of milk formula in infants lasts for at least 2 weeks. In this period, the infants are given extensively hydrolyzed casein or whey-based formulas. If they refuse to drink such formulas, adverse food reactions to these are suspected. The child should receive elementary (amino-acid) formula. If a breast-fed infant is suspected of hypersensitivity to cow s milk product or other food(s) via breast milk, the mother is also requested to temporarily avoid these products (Lifschitz, 2005). 

Blinding should be guaranteed by a dietician. The blind effect can best be achieved by using an extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF) or an amino-acid formula (AA). 

Mattox TW, Brown RO, Boucher BA, et al. Use of fibronectin and somatomedin-C as markers of enteral nutrition support in traumatized patients using a modified amino acid formula. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutt 1988 12 592-596. 

CAS 68649-05-8 EINECS/ELINCS 272-021-5 Synonyms 3-Aminobutanoic acid, n-coco alkyl derivs. Butanoic acid, 3-amino-, N-coco alkyl derivs. N-Coco-3-aminobutyric acid Classification Substituted amino acid Formula R-NH-CFICFI2COOFICH3, R represents the coconut radical Properties FILB 13.6 amphoteric Toxicology TSCA listed... 

Fujimoto, W., Inaoki, M., Fukui, T., Inoue, Y., and Kuhara, T., 2005. Biotin deficiency in an infant fed with amino acid formula. The Journal of Dermatology. 32 256-261. 

Teramura, K., Fujimoto, N., Tachibana, T., and Tanaka, T., 2010. Biotin deficiency in dizygotic twins due to amino acid formula nutrition. European Journal of Dermatology. 20 856 857. 

The reactions between a-dicarbonyl compounds, like the deoxyosones obtained in the Maillard reaction, and amino acids are classed under the term Strecker reaction. This reaction leads to the formation of aldehydes (Strecker aldehydes), CO2 and a-aminoketones on oxidative decarboxylation of the a-amino acids (Formula 4.88). It occurs in foods at higher concentrations of free amino acids and under more drastic reaction conditions, e. g., at higher temperatures or under pressure. 

Amino acid Formula PM Number of functional groups ... 

Wnte structural formulas for the following a amino acids... 

The physical properties of a typical amino acid such as glycine suggest that it is a very polar substance much more polar than would be expected on the basis of its formula tion as H2NCH2CO2H Glycine is a crystalline solid it does not melt but on being heated It eventually decomposes at 233°C It is very soluble m water but practically insoluble m nonpolar organic solvents These properties are attributed to the fact that the stable form of glycine is a zwittenon, or inner salt... 

Alanine (ala) Phenylalanine (phe) R 1 0 - HNCHC N General formula for an amino acid residue Aspartic Acid (asp)... 

Human growth hormone is a single polypeptide chain of 191 amino acids (qv) having two disulfide bonds, one between Cys-53 and Cys-165, forming a large loop in the molecule, and the other between Cys-182 and Cys-189, forming a small loop near the C-terminus. The stmcture of hGH is shown in Figure 1 molecular mass is 22,125 the empirical formula is C qH 29N 262 300 7 ... 

Sulfoxides occur widely in small concentrations in plant and animal tissues, eg, aHyl vinyl sulfoxide [81898-53-5] in garlic oil and 2,2 -sulfinylbisethanol [3085-45-8] as fatty esters in the adrenal cortex (1,2). Homologous methyl sulfinyl alkyl isothiocyanates, which are represented by the formula CH3SO(CH2) NCS, where n = 3 [37791-20-1], 4 [4478-93-7], 5 [646-23-1], 8 [75272-81-0], 9 [39036-83-4], or 10 [39036-84-5], have been isolated from a number of mustard oils in which they occur as glucosides (3). Two methylsulfinyl amino acids have also been reported methionine sulfoxide [454-41-1] from cockroaches and the sulfoxide of i -methylcysteine, 3-(methylsulfinyl)alaiiine [4740-94-7]. The latter is the dominant sulfur-containing amino acid in turnips and may account in part for their characteristic odor (4). 

Panel 1.1 The 20 different amino acids that occur in proteins. Only side chains are shown, except for the first amino acid, alanine, where all atoms are shown. The bond from the side chain to Ca is red. A ball-and stick model, the chemical formula, the full name, and the three-letter and one-letter codes are given for each amino acid. 

Amino-4,6-dimethyl-3-oxo-3//-phenoxazine-l,9-dicarboxylic acid also named actinocin is the chromophor of the red antineoplastic chromopeptide aetinomyein D (formula A). Two cyclopenta-peptide lactone rings (amino acids L-threonine, D-valine, L-proline, sarcosine, and 7V-methyl-L-valine) are attached to the carboxy carbons of actinocin by two amide bonds involving the amino groups of threonine. 

All enzymes are proteins that catalyze many biochemical reactions. They are unbranched polymers of a-amino acids of the general formula... 

Some of the most important organic compounds in biochemistry are the a-amino acids, represented by the general formula shown. 

An unknown acetylenic amino acid obtained from the seed of a tropical fruit has the molecular formula C7H11NO2. On catalytic hydrogenation over platinum this amino acid yielded homoleucine (an amino acid of known structure shown here) as the only product. What is the structure of the unknown amino acid ... 

The structures of higher peptides follow in an analogous fashion. Figure 27.7 gives the structural formula and amino acid sequence of a naturally occuning pentapeptide... 

Consider, for example, the protein shown in Figure 15.7. The bottom left-hand amino acid is valine, which is linked to proline. Suppose for the sake of argument that we wanted to treat this valine quantum-mechanically and the rest of the protein chain according to the methods of molecular mechanics. We would have to draw a QM/MM boundary somewhere between valine and the rest of the protein. The link atoms define the boundary between the QM and the MM regions. A great deal of care has to go into this choice of boundary. The boundary should not give two species whose chemical properties are quite different from those implied by the structural formulae on either side of this boundary. 

WEB Glycine, an essential amino acid, has the formula NH2CH2COOH. Its skeleton structure has C—C and C—N bonds but no N—O bonds. Write its Lewis structure. 

Strategy Write the condensation reaction that takes place between glycine and serine. To do this, start with the structural formulas of the two amino acids, glycine at the left, serine at the right. In each case, put the NH2 group at the left, the COOH group at the right. Condense out a water molecule what is left is the structural formula of Gly-Ser. 

In Section 18-6.3 the composition of proteins was given. They are large, amide-linked polymers of amino acids. However, the long chain formula (Figure 18-14, p. 348) does not represent all that is known about the structure of proteins. It shows the covalent structure properly but does not indicate the relative positions of the atoms in space. 

Sfi.F-Test 19.4B Write the formula for (a) the monomer of poly(methyl methacrylate), used in contact lenses (17) (b) two repeating units of polyalanine, the polymer of the amino acid alanine, CH,CH(NH2)COOH. 

Write the structural formula of two units of the polymer formed from (a) the reaction of oxalic acid (ethanedioic acid), HOOCCOOH, with 1,4-diaminobutane, H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NFI2 (b) the polymerization of the amino acid alanine (2-aminopropanoic acid). 

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