Amino acid transporters reviews

In this chapter, we shall focus on the molecular aspects of amino acid transport and its regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kinetic, biochemical and genetic aspects of the amino acid transport systems of eukaryotic microorganisms have been reviewed earlier [7,8]. 

Broer, S. (2008) Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia. Physiological Reviews, 88 (1), 249-286. 

Glutamate uptake seems to be under regulatory control on virtually all possible levels, i.e. DNA transcription, mRNA splicing, protein synthesis, protein targeting, and amino acid transport and associated ion-channel activities (for review see Gegelashvili and Schousboe, 1998 Sims and Robinson, 1999 Gegelashvili et ah, 2000). 

Lemer, J. (1978) A Review at Amino Acid Transport Processes in Animal Cells and Tissues, Orono University Press, Orono. 

The following section of this review presents a list with short description of the major preparations that are used to study amino acid transport. Their limitations are discussed to make the potential user aware of possible artifacts and pitfalls. Ideally, a combination of two or more different preparations should be used to strengthen observations and allow more general conclusions to be drawn, as carried out, for example, by Bradford (1981). 

The following review will not cover, in detail, interorgan amino acid flows, the impact of transport on metabolism, or the description of the various hepatic amino acid transport systems. All of these subjects have been discussed in recent reviews (2, 3, 8). Instead, the purpose of the present discussion is to focus on the characteristics and hormonal regulation of a specific transport system for neutral amino acids, namely System A. System A-mediated transport has been the subject of a considerable... 

Primary active transport occurs when the transport of a substrate is coupled to an energy-yielding metabolic reaction. The energy required may come from several different sources (a) the high-energy compound ATP used by a specific ATPase (ATPase pump) (b) energy from the electron transport system released as electrons that flow down the cytochrome chain (redox-pump) and (c) the electric field produced by free radicals. Implicit in these three theories is the participation of ions and ion transport. Secondary active transport is a term often used to denote the transport of one substrate linked to the flow of a second substrate. Wilbrandt (1975) refers to this as flow-coupled active transport it may be this form of transport that is most often involved in the active uptake of sugars and amino acids. A review of some models of carrier-mediated active transport transport has recently been presented by Crane (1977). 

Since in mammalian species metals first need to be assimilated from dietary sources in the intestinal tract and subsequently transported to the cells of the different organs of the body through the bloodstream, we will restrict ourselves in this section to the transport of metal ions across the enterocytes of the upper part of the small intestine (essentially the duodenum), where essentially all of the uptake of dietary constituents, whether they be metal ions, carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, vitamins, etc., takes place. We will then briefly review the mechanisms by which metal ions are transported across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells and enter the cytoplasm, as we did for bacteria, fungi and plants. The specific molecules involved in extracellular metal ion transport in the circulation will be dealt with in Chapter 8. 

The first cytochrome to be recognised as a component of the photosynthetic electron transport chain was cytochrome f [142]. The properties of cytochrome f have been reviewed [143,144], and amino-acid sequence information is available for pea, spinach, wheat and tobacco [145]. The axial ligand to the heme-Fe... 

C. Fleck, M. Schwertfeger, P. M. Taylor (2003). Regulation of renal amino acid (AA) transport by hormones, drugs and xenobiotics—a review. Amino Acids 24 347-374. 

Wellner, D., and A. Meister, A survey of inborn errors of metabolism and transport in man. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 50 911, 1981. This review documents the importance of the pathways that break down amino acids. in. humans... 

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