Amines electrophoresis

Driouich, R., Takayanagi, T., Oshima, M., and Motomizu, S., Synthesis of water-soluble phenylazos-alicylaldehyde analogues and their application to capillary electrophoretic determination of primary amines. Electrophoresis, 27, 3460, 2006. 

Beard, N.P, Edel, J.B., and deMello, A.J., Integrated on-chip derivatization and electrophoresis for the rapid analysis of biogenic amines. Electrophoresis, 25, 2363-2373, 2004. 

Yuan B, Huang J, Sun J, You T (2009) A novel technique for NACE coupled with simultaneous electrochemiluminescence and electrochemical detection for fast analysis of tertiary amines. Electrophoresis 30(3) 479-486. doi 10.1002/elps.200800253... 

Shin D, Tryk DA, Fujishima A, Muck A Jr, Chtai G, Wang J (2004) Microchip capillary electrophoresis with a boron-doped diamond electrochemical detector for analysis of aromatic amines. Electrophoresis 25 3017-3023... 

Capillary zone electrophoresis provides effective separations of any charged species, including inorganic anions and cations, organic acids and amines, and large biomolecules such as proteins. For example, CZE has been used to separate a mixture of 36 inorganic and organic ions in less than 3 minutes.Neutral species, of course, cannot be separated. 

Liu, J., Hsieh, Y.-Z., Wiesler, D., Novotny, M., Design of 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde as a reagent for ultrasensitive determination of primary amines by capillary electrophoresis using laser fluorescence detection, Anal. Chem., 63, 408, 1991. 

Only few applications have been reported to determine antioxidants in rubbers or polymers by using electrochemical methods [927,928]. Sawada et al. [929] reported successful separations by coupling the antioxidants with p-diazobenzene sulfonic acid before electrophoresis. Amine AOs were coupled in acetic acid and phenolic AOs in NaOH-ethanol were analysed by CE methods. MEKC separation of the four major food grade antioxidants (PG, BHA, BHT, TBHQ) was completed within 6 min with pmole amount detection using UV absorption [930]. RPLC was not as efficient and required larger sample amounts and longer separation times. 

Lada, M.W., Kennedy, R.T. (1996). Quantitative, in vivo monitoring of primary amines in rat caudate nucleus using microdialysis coupled by a flow-gated interface to capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 68, 2790-2797. 

These systems rely on various combinations of size-exclusion chromatography, reversed-phase chromatography, and zone electrophoresis to characterize amines, peptides, and proteins (Yamamoto etal., 1989 Bushey and Jorgenson 1990 Larmann et al., 1993, Moore and Jorgenson, 1995 Optick and Jorgenson, 1997). Haleem Issaq reviews these separations in Chapter 16 of this book. 

In a different approach a super-high-throughput ee-assay was developed on the basis of chirally modified capillary array electrophoresis (CAE).90 CAE was used in the Human Genome Project, and commercially available instruments have been developed which comprise a high number of capillaries in parallel, for example the 96-capillary unit MegaBACE consisting of 6 bundles of 16 capillaries.91 The system can address a 96-well microtiter plate. It was adapted to perform ee-determinations of chiral amines, which are potentially accessible by catalytic reductive amination of ketones, transition metal catalyzed Markovnikov addition of ammonia, or enzymatic hydrolysis of acetamides (Scheme 14).90... 

S. Borros, G. Barbera, J. Biada and N. Agullo, The use of capillary electrophoresis to study the formation of carcinogenic aryl amines in azo dyes. Dyes Pigm., 43 (1999) 189-196. 

Bowser MT, Kennedy RT. 2001. In vivo monitoring of amine neurotransmitters using microdialysis with online capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 22(17) 3668-3676. 

Chen Z, Wu J, Baker GB, Parent M, Dovichi NJ. 2001. Application of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection to the determination of biogenic amines and amino acids in brain microdialysate and homogenate samples. J Chromatogr A 914(1—2) 293-298. 

Ions are highly charged species by nature and lend themselves well to analysis by capillary electrophoresis (CE). In pharmaceutical analyses, we usually deal with small organic and inorganic anions and small cations or aliphatic amines. 

Johnson, B. D., Crinberg, N., Bicker, C., and Ellison, D. (1997). The quantitation of a residual quaternary amine in bulk drug and process streams using capillary electrophoresis. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Related Technol. 20, 257—272. 

Several analytical techniques including capillary electrophoresis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), GC, lEC, and HPLC, have been proposed for the determination of biogenic amines in various foods. Among these, RP-HPLC is considered the most suitable one. HPLC methods used for amine determination usually involve two steps amine extraction from the matrix and analytical determination. Depending on the complexity of food matrix and the selectivity of the final analytical determination, a further purification step may be necessary prior to the analytical determination. To ensure adequate sensitivity, a derivatization step is generally required before injection [282]. 

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