Amine aniline derivatives arylation

A Pd-cataly2ed reaction of amines with halides is expected, but actually little is known about the reaction. The CDE ring system of lavendamycin (805) has been constructed by the intramolecular reaction of aryl bromide with aniline derivative in 804, but 1.2 equiv, of Pd(Ph3P)4 is required[679]. 

Thiolate anions37 38 and oxime alkoxides38 react under phase transfer conditions to give aryl sulfides and O-aryl oximes, respectively the o-dichloro benzene complex can be converted selectively to the monosubstitution product (equation 9). The arylation of oximes leads to a simple process for benzofuran formation (equation 10). Simple primary and secondary amine nucleophiles react smoothly in the absence of added base, in a very general and efficient process for aniline derivatives.49... 

The use of alkenyl boronic acid derivatives 50, which are readily prepared via hydroboration or bromoboration of alkynes, affords the corresponding p,y-unsaturated amino acids (e.g. 52-57) in a geometrically pure form [34], A variety of amines 48, including primary and secondary amines, anilines, amino alcohols and hydroxylamines can effectively participate in this process, while the alkenyl boronic acid can contain alkyl, aryl or bromo-substituents. Although the alkenyl amino acid side chain is introduced through the boronic acid component, the use of more substituted a-keto acids 49 allows the simultaneous incorporation of an additional a-substituent (e.g. 57). 

Aromatic primary monoamine such as aniline serves as a difunctional monomer for Pd-catalyzed amination polycondensation to afford poly(triarylamine)s. For example, m-dibromobenzene [71] or 2,7-dibromo-fluorenes [72] reacted with aniline derivatives (Scheme 16). In these polymerizations, P(f-butyl)3 was an effective ligand of Pd2(dba)3 in a manner similar to the amination of aryl dibromides with secondary diamines. The Mw values were in the range of 9000-37 700. 

Copper diacetate-catalyzed arylation of heterocyclic amines such as piperidine, tetrahydroisoquinoline 76101 or 1,6-diazacyclodecane 77104 by aryllead triacetates gave only modest to moderately good yields of the iV-aryl derivatives (Equation (76) and (77)). The reactions with aliphatic amines lead to particularly poor yields of the derived anilines101 (Equations (78) and (79)), although the arylation of cyclooctylamine 78 with an electron-rich aryllead triacetate afforded the aniline derivative 79 in a moderately good yield (52%) (Equation (80)).1O5 1O5a... 

The catalyst derived from 13 and Pd(dba)2 is effective in the arylation of primary amines with aryl iodides as well [72]. The 13/Pd-system is sufficiently reactive to accomplish this transformation at room temperature, Eq. (99). While aliphatic amines are coupled in moderate yield, the arylation of aniline derivatives proceeds quite efficiently. 

Nickel catalysts have been used in the reaction of aryl halides with A-alkyl aniline derivatives. Nickel catalyst also allow the conversion of aryl halides to A-arylamines via reaction with aliphatic amines. An intramolecular reaction of a... 

Salts of dithiocarbamic acid can be prepared by the addition of primary or secondary amines to carbon disulfide." This reaction is similar to 16-10. Hydrogen sulfide can be eliminated from the product, directly or indirectly, to give isothiocyanates (RNCS). Isothiocyanates can be obtained directly by the reaction of primary amines and CS2 in pyridine in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Aniline derivatives react with CS2 and NaOH, and then ethyl chloroformate to give the aryl isothiocyanate." In the presence of diphenyl phosphite and pyridine, primary amines add to CO2 and to CS2 to give, respectively, symmetrically substituted ureas... 

The nitro group of aromatic nitro compounds has been removed with sodium bor-ohydride. This reaction involves an addition-elimination mechanism. Reduction of the C—N bond on aromatic amines with Li metal in THF generates the aryl compounds.Sodium nitrite, sodium bisulfite in EtOH/water/acetic acid does a similar reduction.Conversion of the aniline derivative to the methanesulfona-mide and subsequent treatment with NaH and NH2CI gives the same result. The BuaSnH reagent also reduces isocyanides, RNC (prepared from RNH2 by for-mylation followed by 17-31), to a reaction that can also be accomplished... 

As mentioned above, nitro compounds are obviously of great importance in organic chemistry and aryl nitro compounds are an important source of aniline derivatives (secs. 4.2.C.V, 4.8.D). Both amine oxides and nitrones have been synthetically exploited. Alkyl nitroso derivatives, however, usually cannot be isolated since they decompose in solution, although the aromatic derivatives are more stable in solution and can be used in synthesis (sec. 2.1 l.E). Treatment of a primary amine with excess peroxyacid is a useful preparative route to alkyl nitro compounds.588 Yields are highest for tertiary alkyl primary amines next come secondary, followed by primary alkyl. Peroxyacid oxidation of oximes also provides a route to alkyl nitro compounds.589 This method is convenient for preparing aromatic nitro compounds as in the oxidation of 2,6-dichloroaniline to 2,6-dichloronitrobenzene (441).590 Nitrones are 1,3-dipoles and have been used in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions (sec. ll.ll.D). 

Water-immiscible amines are highly selective in the differentiation between acids (selectivity of about 10 for HCI/H3PO4 separation [44] compared to <2 in extraction by alkanols) and between them and their salts. They are widely used in extraction of metals (their anionic complexes) and of carboxylic acids, but most of them are too strongly basic for mineral acids. The convex distribution curve shows that extraction is very efficient, but back-extraction in free acid form would require huge amounts of water, resulting in extremely dilute, useless back-extracts. Only the very weak amines—highly branched trialkyl amines [52,53] or amines with at least one aryl group—combine efficient extraction with reversibility. Only few such water-immiscible aniline derivates and sterically hindered amines are currently produced on an industrial scale. Adjustment of their properties to treat a variety of feeds would require laborious synthesis. 

Cross-coupling reactions leading to the formation of C-X (X = heteroatom) bonds catalyzed by Pd(dba)2 have been reported. Aniline derivatives have been prepared via reaction of amine nucleophiles with aryl halides in the presence of Pd(dba)2 and phosphines, especially P( Bu)3. Likewise, diaryl and aryl alkyl ethers are produced from aryl halides (Cl, Br, I) and sodium aryloxides and alkoxides under similar conditions. Conditions effective for the coupling of aryl chlorides with amines, boronic acids, and ketone enolates using an easily prepared phosphine chloride as a ligand have recently been uncovered (eq 22). The preparation of aryl siloxanes and allyl boronates via Pd(dba)2-catalyzed C-Si and C-B coupling have been reported as well. 

Crucial to the course of the hydrogenation reaction is the formation of the iminium cation, which competes with the formation of ammonium salts. The hydrogenation of aniline derivatives could be readily accomplished, which copes most probably with the fact that aryl-substituted imines are more basic than aryl-substituted amines. The iminium cations are therefore always accessible in kinetically relevant... 

Preparation of aromatic amines by the reaction of aryl halides with aliphatic and aromatic amines has been regarded as a difficult reaction. Recently a facile synthetic method for aromatic amines by amination of aryl halides has been discovered, and rapid progress has occurred in the Pd-catalyzed reaction of amines with aryl halides [1]. One simple example which shows the usefulness of the new method is cited here. The commercially important arylpiperazines 1 have been synthesized by intramoleular N-alkylation of aniline derivatives with N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amine (2), which is highly carcinogenic. Now the amines 3 can be prepared efficiently by coupling aryl iodides, bromides or chlorides with N-substituted piperidines. This example provides a big contribution to synthetic chemistry by the new Pd-catalyzed efficient preparative method for arylamines, which are usefial in medicinal and material chemistry. 

An intramolecular Friedel—Crafts reaction of anilines with aryl-substituted proparyl alcohols provides 4,5-fused tricyclic quinoline derivatives in a one-pot process. The reaction involves four separate steps but produces the fused quinohnes in moderate yields (31—84%) (14TL6726). In a similar reaction, aryl amines are catalyzed by a Au(I)/Ag(I) co-catalyst to react with an O-phenylpropynyl sugar aldehyde to form fused quinoline derivatives in good yields (14TL6081). 

The tremendous utility of catalytic C-0 and C-N bond formation processes, pioneered by Buchwald and Hartwig, is largely based on the efficiency of palladium-catalyzed systems. However, efficient nickel-catalyzed processes have also been reported for this important class of transformations. The catalytic coupling of aryl chlorides with primary or secondary amines is a particular niche where utility of the nickel-catalyzed process was found. A representative sampling of aniline derivatives prepared by the activity of Ni(cod)2/dppf as the pre-catalyst is depicted below (Figure 3-3). 

These catalytic methods all rely on the use of Ugands or a base. A ligand-less, base-free method was subsequently developed to effect high-yielding crosscouplings of anilines and a wide range of aliphatic amines with various aryl boronic acids (Scheme 4.14) [50]. Relative to the myristic acid-based method, this protocol was shown to be superior for aliphatic amines, but inferior in the hans-formation of aniline derivatives. 

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