Amide—>-chloride exchange

The reaction of amide chlorides with primary and secondary amines or amine derivatives yields amid-inium salts (134 Scheme IS). - In the course of the reactions HCl is produced, which converts the amino compound to its hydrochloride. The salt mixtures thus formed are difficult to separate. Provided the amidinium compound in the mixture is at most an N,A, -trisubstituted one, separation can be achieved via the free amidine, which, after separation, is easily converted to the desired amidinium salt (135) by acidification with water-free acids. From salt mixtures containing iV.. A -tetrasubstituted amidinium salts, the pure amidinium compound, e.g. (136) can sometimes be isolated via anion exchange by addition of HCIO4, NaC104 or Nal (in acetone/acetonitrile). 

Deamidation of soy and other seed meal proteins by hydrolysis of the amide bond, and minimization of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, improves functional properties of these products. For example, treatment of soy protein with dilute (0.05 A/) HCl, with or without a cation-exchange resin (Dowex 50) as a catalyst (133), with anions such as bicarbonate, phosphate, or chloride at pH 8.0 (134), or with peptide glutaminase at pH 7.0 (135), improved solubiHty, whipabiHty, water binding, and emulsifying properties. 

A variety of waxy hydrophobic hydrocarbon-based soHd phases are used including fatty acid amides and sulfonamides, hydrocarbon waxes such as montan wax [8002-53-7], and soHd fatty acids and esters. The amides are particularly important commercially. One example is the use of ethylenediamine distearamide [110-30-5] as a component of latex paint and paper pulp blackHquor defoamer (11). Hydrocarbon-based polymers are also used as the soHd components of antifoaming compositions (5) examples include polyethylene [9002-88-4], poly(vinyl chloride) [9002-86-2], and polymeric ion-exchange resins. 

A number of basic materials such as hydroxides, hydrides and amides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals and metal oxides such as zinc oxide and antimony oxide are useful catalysts for the reaction. Acid ester-exchange catalysts such as boric acid, p-toluene sulphonic acid and zinc chloride are less... 

Exposure of ammoniacal silver chloride solutions to air or heat produces a black crystalline deposit of fulminating silver , mainly silver nitride, with silver diimide and silver amide also possibly present [1], Attention is drawn [2] to the possible explosion hazard in a method of recovering silver from the chloride by passing an ammoniacal solution of the chloride through an ion exchange column to separate the Ag(NH3)+ ion, prior to elution as the nitrate [3], It is essential to avoid letting the ammoniacal solution stand for several hours, either alone or on the column [2], See Silver nitride... 

Activation of diatyl sulfides with proximal amide functionality, such as 192, with /-BuOCl generates hypervalent sulfuranes 193 (Scheme 25) <1999JST(476)157> see also <2003JOC9574>. Anion exchange of the chloride complex 193 to the perchlorate salt 194 was accomplished by treatment with silver perchlorate. 

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