Aluminum salts analysis

As the pH of a suspension increases further, the potential decreases again, revealing another point of potential reversal at PZR 3. A careful analysis of the data indicated that the surface-induced adsorption of the molecular Al(OH)3 and the subsequent formation of the hydroxylated aluminum surface sites are responsible for the PZR 3 [44], Figure 11a is a scanning transmission electron micrograph of the cordierite core coated with the aluminum hydroxide layer of approximately 15 nm thickness. The uniform surface-induced coating of ultra-fine scale aluminum hydroxide was achieved by an excess addition of aluminum salt [e.g., A1(N03)3] to the suspension at a pH below the PZR 2 and... 

Additives, such as fire retardants, can have a major effect on pyrolysis, and even trace amounts of ash have been shown to influence pyrolysis (6 ). Generally, fire retardants work by increasing the dehydration reaction rate to form more char and as a direct result give fewer flammable volatile compounds (1,3,7). Several papers have noted that phosphoric acid and its salts decrease the Efl (13,18,22,29), aluminum chloride has little effect (22) on Efl and boric acid increases the Efl (12,18). The reaction order for treated samples has been generally reported as lst-order (12,13,18,29) which is also the most commonly used rate expression for analysis of TGA data of untreated cellulose. 

Preparation of Standards. Standards for ash analysis were prepared from commercially available pure salts in aqueous solution with appropriate acids addition where necessary to match acid concentrations in the samples as well as to hold materials in solution. Master standard solutions were prepared so that serial dilutions for the construction of working curves were possible. A constant amount of silicon and aluminum (equivalent to 20% Si-5% Al) interference solution was added to each set of standards along with lithium tetraborate to carefully match... 

Extraction of soils for analysis of die readily available nutrients include replacement of exchangeable cations by salt solutions, dilute acids, and dilute alkalies such as NaHCCh. Fluoride solutions ate employed to repress iron, aluminum, and calcium activity during the extraction of phosphorus. Extraction of the soil solution is effected by displacement in a soil column, often through the application of pressure across a pressure membrane. The soil solution is analyzed by conductance and elemental analysis methods. Also, the total elemental analysis of soils is made by Na2CC>3 fusion of the soil followed by classical geochemical analysis methods. 

Catalysts. The starting material for all the catalysts was Linde 13X in powder form, free of clay binder. The bulk sample had a silicon-to-aluminum ratio of 1.27 dz 0.02 16). In all cases, the zeolites were prepared by ion exchange with salt solution (either chloride, sulfate, or nitrate) of the required cation at room temperature. The extent of exchange was estimated from either analysis of the residual salt solution or determination of the residual sodium in the zeolite sample. After preparation, the exchanged zeolites were stored over saturated calcium nitrate solution. 

Because of its high localized dipole moment, sulfolane is a very good solvent for inorganic salts, and its effect on the acylation activity of Y(9) is ascribed to the formation of a homogeneous catalyst system consisting of dissolved aluminum compound that interacts with BC. Blank experiments and Al NMR analysis of the solution confirm the activity after filtration of the catalyst. These results are not so negative and confirm that a catalytic amount of aluminum species are transferred into solution in sulfolane and catalyzes the quantitative conversion of BC. 

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