Aluminum phthalocyanine

Aluminum phthalocyanine (PcAlX) can be prepared from the phthalonitrile and aluminum trichloride either in refluxing quinoline138 13g or without a solvent under addition of ammonium molybdate(VI).137 The chloro compound can be transformed to a hydroxy derivative by treatment with sulfuric acid.58-140 Also, the insertion of aluminum in a metal-free phthalocyanine is possible, for example trialkylaluminum can be used.141,142... 

The blue aluminum phthalocyanine dye, Tinolux BBS (74), marketed by Ciba, is a commercial SOG.77,78 Zinc phthalocyanines, such as (75), which absorb in the near infrared at 725 nm, are also very good SOGs.73... 

The silicon(IV) phthalocyanine (12) is also effective in the photoinactivation of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum384 and various enveloped viruses in red blood cell concentrates.385-387 Other silicon (and aluminum) phthalocyanines have been evaluated for the photoinactivation of viruses cationic derivatives appear to be most effective.388... 

The first, and still the most commonly used, of the tunable lasers were those based upon solutions of organic dyes. The first dye laser was developed by Sorokin and Lankard 05), and used a "chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine" (sic) solution. Tunable dye lasers operating throughout the visible spectrum were soon produced, using dyes such as coumarins, fluorescein, rhodamines, etc. Each dye will emit laser radiation which is continuously tunable over approximately the fluorescence wavelength range of the dye. 

A semiconductor sensor-based instrument was described for determination of the composition and concentrations of vapors of organic nitro compounds and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. Four organic semiconductor sensors [e.g. aluminum phthalocyanine fluoride (222a)] were tested in conjunction with platinized platinum preconcentrators sensitivity is to ppm levels of nitrobenzene450. 

Peng Q, Moan J, Nesland JM, Rimington C (1990) Aluminum phthalocyanines with asymmetrical lower sulfonation and with symmetrical higher sulfonation a comparison of localizing and photosensitizing mechanism in human tumor LOX xenografts. Int J Cancer 46 719-26. 

T. A. Kelly, C. A. Hunter, D. C. Schindele, and B. V. Pepich, Aluminum phthalocyanine-streptavidin New, sensitive fluorescent tracer for immunoassay, Clin. Chem. 37, 1283-1286 (1991). 

Catalytic activity of the aluminum-Schiff base system is dramatically enhanced by adding a bulky Lewis acid (Table 2). Inoue et al. reported that a combination of 3 with 2c led to over 1000 times acceleration in the polymerization of PO at room temperature compared with the polymerization in the absence of 2c.The resulting polymers have narrow MWDs, molecular weights close to those estimated, assuming that every molecule of 3 forms one polymer chain. The same accelerating effect of 2c is also demonstrated in the polymerization of PO by using aluminum-phthalocyanine and aluminum-tetraazaannulene complexes, 4 and 5, which exhibit very low catalytic activities without 2c. 

Fig. 2 Examples of photosensitizers presently approved for clinical applications or in clinical studies. mTHPC, tetra (meso-hydroxy) phenyl chlorin BPD-MA, benzoporphyrin derivative Photofrin is a mixture of several compounds where dimers or trimers of the indicated structure are assumed to be of major importance PpIX, protoporphyrin IX - accumulating upon treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid or its ester derivatives, NPe6, HPPH, Hexyl pyropheophorbide TPPS2a, disulfonated (adjacent) tetraphenylporphin AlPcS2a, disulfonated (adjacent) aluminum phthalocyanine. Areas with ionic side groups are indicated in shadow...

Horovitz B, Williams B, Rywkin S, et al. Inactivation of viruses in blood with aluminum phthalocyanine derivatives. Transfusion 1991 31 102-8. 

Moan, J., Berg, K., Anholt, H., and Madshen, K. (1994) Sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines as sensitizers for photochemotherapy. Effects of small light doses on localization, dye fluorescence and photosensitivity in V79 cells, Int. J. Cancer, 58 865-870. 

HO(PcSiO)2H (XXXII) condenses to the polysiloxane (XXI) on strong heating (171). The aluminosiloxanes may be regarded as condensed phthalocyanine siloxanes end stopped by aluminum phthalocyanine. 

Section VII). Radiochemical methods have been used to study the solubility of metal phthalocyanines in sulfuric acid. Radiocobalt does not exchange with cobalt, nickel, zinc, or aluminum phthalocyanine in 17.2 M sulfuric acid (19). 

Q. Peng, G.W. Farrants, K. Madslien, J.C. Bommer, J. Moan, H.E. Danielsen, J.M. Nesland (1990). Subcellular localization, redistribution and photobleaching of sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines in a human melanoma cell line. Int. J. Cancer, 49, 290-295. 

K. Berg, J.C. Bommer, J. Moan (1989). Evaluation of sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines for use in photochemotherapy. A study on the relative efficiencies of photoinactivation. Photochem. PhotobioL, 49, 587-594. 

W.-S. Chan, J.F. Marshall, R. Svensen, J. Bedwell, I.R. Hart (1990). Effect of sulfona-tion on the cell and tissue distribution of the photosensitizer aluminum phthalocyanine. Cancer Res., 50, 4533-4538. 

B. Paquette, H. Ali, R. Langlois, J.E. van Lier (1988). Biological activities of phthalocyanines - VIII. Cellular distribution in V-79 Chinese hamster cells and phototoxicity of selectively sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines. Photochem. PhotobioL, 41, 215-220. 

W.-S. Chan, N. Brasseur, C. La Madeleine, J.E. van Lier (1996). Evidence for different mechanisms of EMT-6 tumor necrosis by photodynamic therapy with disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine or photofrin tumor cell survival and blood flow. Anticancer Res., 16, 1887-1892. 

S.C. Chang, G.A. Buonaccorsi, A.J. MacRobert, S.G. Bown (1997). Interstitial photodynamic therapy in the canine prostate with disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine and 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX. Prostate, 32, 89-98. 

M.O. Dereski, L. Madigan, M. Chopp (1994). Brain response to photodynamic therapy with Photofrin, monsulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine and tin purpurin. In D.A. Cortese (Ed.), PROC SPIE 2371, 579-581. 

T.J. Farrell, B.C. Wilson, M.S. Patterson, M.C. Olivo (1998). Comparison of the in vivo photodynamic threshold dose for Photofrin, mono- and tetra-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine using a rat liver model. Photochem. and PhotobioL, 68, 394-399. 

M.W. Leach, S. Khoshyomn, J. Bringus, S.A. Autry, J.E. Boggan (1993). Normal brain tissue response to photodynamic therapy using aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in the rat. Photochem. Photobiol, 57(5), 842-845. 

R. Cubeddu, G. Canti, C. D Andrea, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, G. Valentini, Effects of photodynamic therapy on the absorption properties of disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine in tumor-bearing mice. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology 60, 73-78 (2001)... 

Schnurpfeil, G., Schneider, G., Hirth, A., and Trombach, N. (1999) Effident near-IR sensitization of nanocrystalline Ti02 films by zinc and aluminum phthalocyanines. J. Porph. Phthalocyanin., 3, 2i0-2i7. 

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