Altitude, adaptation

Figure Bl.4.3. (a) A schematic illustration of the THz emission spectrum of a dense molecular cloud core at 30 K and the atmospheric transmission from ground and airborne altitudes (adapted, with pennission, from [17]). (b) The results of 345 GHz molecular line surveys of tlu-ee cores in the W3 molecular cloud the graphics at left depict tire evolutionary state of the dense cores inferred from the molecular line data [21],...

FIGURE 4.31 Calculated first-order rate constants for loss of CH, COCH, due to reaction with OH (i.e., /c[OH]) or photolysis (i.e., A p) as a function of altitude (adapted from Gierczak et at., 1998). 

FIGURE 6.36 (a) Measured OH concentrations as a function of altitude and model-predicted concentrations without acetone photolysis and with acetone photolysis, respectively, (b) Calculated rates of HOx production from O, and acetone photolysis, respectively, as a function of altitude. (Adapted from Wennberg et at., 1998.)... 

FIGURE 12.22 Composition of liquid in equilibrium with sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SAT) as the temperature is lowered and SAT deliquesces in the presence of 5 ppm water vapor and 10 ppb HNO, at 50 m bar altitude (adapted from Koop and Carslaw, 1996). 

FIGURE 12.31 Aerosol surface area, NO, NO,., and CIO as a function of altitude (adapted from Keim et al., 1996). 

Hochachka, P.W. (1992). Muscle enzymatic composition and metabolic regulation in high altitude adapted natives. Int. J. Sport Med. 13 S89-S91... 

Figure Bl.4.3. (a) A schematic illustration of the THz emission spectrum of a dense molecular cloud core at 30 K and the atmospheric transmission from ground and airborne altitudes (adapted, with permission, from... 

Fig. 8.7 Contributions of Ox, HOx, NOx and ClOx cycles to the ozone depletion by altitude (Adapted from Seinfeld and Pandis 2006 based on Osterman et al. 1997 updating the reaction rate constants)...

Fig. 11-3. Stratospheric ozone and CIO concentrations at an altitude of 18 km measured by aircraft flying south over Antarctica on September 27,1987. The dramatic decrease in ozone at a latitude of 71 degrees is attributed to the role of CIO in catalytic destruction of ozone. Adapted from Anderson et al. (13).

Body iron content is the principal factor in the regulation of iron absorption (Marx,1979a,b). However, other physiological variables, such as erythropoietic rate (Bothwell, 1968), hypoxia (Raja et ah, 1988) and inflammation (Weber et ah, 1988) also influence iron absorption. In normal individuals, if the rate of erythropoiesis is stimulated by blood loss, dyserythropoiesis or acute haemolysis, iron absorption is increased. Conversely, if erythropoiesis is inhibited by hypertransfusion, starvation or descent from high altitude to sea level, then iron absorption decreases. The adaptive response of iron absorption to increased erythropoiesis, stimulated... 

Figure 5-3 Air temperature as a function of altitude for day and night conditions. The temperature gradient affects the vertical air motion. Adapted from D. Bruce Turner, Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates (Cincinnati US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1970), p. 1.

R. Lewontin has pointed out to me that a mutation adapting a species to a new environment is likely to have preceded occupation of that environment. For example, a mutation that raised the oxygen affinity of the llama s blood would have occurred before llamas discovered that they were able to graze at altitudes barred to competing species. W. Bodmer suggested that once a large change in chemical affinities produced by one mutation had enabled a species to occupy a new envi-... 

Alpine waters are sensitive ecosystems with unique features and resources. Extreme environmental conditions (altitude, gradient, low nutrients, duration of snow cover) shape special habitats that are only suitable for highly-adapted fishes. Only cold stenothermic species can inhabit Alpine waters. During spawning and the period of egg development, water temperature is low and can reach 0°C. Therefore, only a few of the native fishes were able to colonize and inhabit Alpine waters. In the last decades, non-native cold water resistant fish appeared in many Alpine waters. Nonnative species have inhabited alpine lakes since the late 19th century Salvelinus namaycush were stocked in 1886 in small alpine lakes in the Swiss Alps [92]) and started to reproduce in many lakes. Over the last decades in many Alpine streams, non-native, cold stenothermic species have established self-reproducing populations and appear well-adapted to the harsh environmental conditions. 

BPG levels are elevated In the RBCs of persons who have adapted to high altitude conditions, enhancing dissociation of02 In tissues to compensate for reduced O2 saturation of hemoglobin. 

But even at the thin atmosphere at high altitudes, atmospheric distortion limits the ability of telescopes to discern faint objects. Adaptive optics helps by sensing this distortion and instantly adjusting the optical properties of the instrument to counteract the harmful effects. The process must operate continually since air moves around, and the extent and nature of atmospheric distortion changes rapidly. 

FIGURE 3.30 Values of 7(N02) at 7- to 7.5-km altitude as a function of solar zenith angle (0) measured using 2ir radiometers (circles) compared to a model calculated photolysis rate (solid line). (Adapted from Volz-Thomas et al., 1996.)... 

FIGURE 6.19 Calculated first-order loss rates of PAN due to thermal decomposition, OH reaction, and photolysis as a function of altitude (assuming diurnally averaged actinic fluxes for 30°N, July 4) (adapted from Talukdar et al., 1995). 

FIGURE 6.35 Measured OH concentrations at an altitude of 11.8 km near Hawaii and concentrations predicted using simple chemistry (adapted from Wennberg et al., 1998). 

FIGURE 6.42 Fraction of HO, from each radical source as a function of altitude over the tropical Atlantic Ocean (adapted from Lee et al., 1998). 

FIGURE 9.10 Modified particle modes and growth processes for sulfate particles involving aqueous-phase reactions in low altitude fogs and in higher altitude clouds upon advection of boundary-layer air upwards. (Adapted with permission from Ondov and Wexler, 1998. Copyright 1998 American Chemical Society.)... 

FIGURE 11.55 Altitude profiles for H02 + R02 in the free troposphere over southern Germany determined by conversion to OH and measuring OH by the mass spectrometric derivatization technique (adapted from Reiner el at., 1998). 

FIGURE 12.6 Total estimated fuel usage at various altitudes for an all-subsonic fleet and for a 20f5 fleet that includes a modified subsonic fleet plus 500 Mach 2.4 HSCTs in the year 2015 (adapted from Stolarski et al., 1995). 

FIGURE 12.10 Concentration of stratospheric particles with >1 /cm at altitudes of 17-19 km from 1976 to 1984 (adapted from Zolensky et al., 1989). 

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